Modulation
of the electronic structure of metal-based catalysts
proves to be useful for optimizing the catalytic activity. However,
precise modulation of the electronic structure at the atomic scale
remains challenging, because of the invariant electronic structure
of single atoms and the difficulty in achieving the size limit for
tailored alloy particles. Herein, we report a RuCo single-atom alloy
(SAA) catalyst with precisely tailored electron-rich Ru atoms confined
into the Co lattice, skillfully fabricated by pyrolysis of Ru-containing
ZIF-67 with a tuned Ru feed content. The structure of RuCo SAAs is
well investigated by various characterization techniques, including
aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-energy
X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption
fine structure. It is found that the RuCo SAAs with more electron-rich
Ru atoms are more active toward aqueous levulinic acid (LA) hydrogenation
to γ-valerolactone, delivering an extremely large turnover frequency
value of 3500 h–1, 27 fold higher than that over
the state-of-art 5 wt % Ru/C catalyst and much higher than those over
electron-deficient Ru single atoms and Ru-containing alloyed particles.
Combined experimental investigation and computational modeling reveal
that the remarkable activity originates from the intrinsic RuCo SAA
active site in which the electron-rich Ru single-atom boosts CO/H2 adsorption and H2 dissociation to H atoms and
especially facilitates the γ-C of LA hydrogenation, which is
the rate-determining step for LA hydrogenation. This study will shed
light on the precise tailoring of the electronic structure at the
atomic scale and also provides insight into the development of SAA
catalysts for biomass conversion.