Propagation Attenuation Maps Based on Parabolic Equation Method

Abstract

Modern wireless communication systems use various technological solutions to increase the efficiency of created radio networks. This efficiency also applies to radio resources. Currently, the utilization of a radio environment map (REM) is one of the directions allowing to improve radio resource management. The REM is increasingly used in emerging mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), in particular military tactical networks. In this case, the use of new technologies such as software-defined radio and network, cognitive radio, radio sensing, and building electromagnetic situational awareness made it possible to implement REM in tactical MANETs. Propagation attenuation maps (PAMs) are crucial REM elements that allow for determining the ranges of radio network nodes. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for PAM based on a parabolic equation method (PEM). The PEM allows determining the signal attenuation along the assumed propagation direction. In this case, we consider terrain topography to obtain a more realistic analysis. Then, we average the adjacent attenuation profiles defined for the selected directions in places where attenuation has not been calculated. To this aim, linear regression is applied. Finally, we define several metrics that allow for the accuracy assessment of determining the PAM as a function of its dimensions.

Enhanced Network Metric Prediction for Machine Learning-Based Cyber Security of a Software-Defined UAV Relay Network

“…λ c = q A λ A + q A+j λ A+j + q cs λ cs (3) where in equations ( 1) and ( 2), SD-UAV A and SD-UAV A+j will receive reply traffic from the controller that originally originated from each respective UAV. The probability of such traffic is denoted by q i .…”

“…By 2035, it is anticipated that the number of UAVs used for defense will increase by 25% to 75% percent [1]. UAVs have been employed by the Army, Navy, and Air Force as relay nodes in tactical deployments to enhance communication quality in a variety of geographic regions to improve communication quality [2], [3], an increasing concern, as shown recently in Ukraine. Although Starlink's low-earth orbit (LEO) constellation has offered reliable communications to the area, military operations may potentially be impeded by a private, proprietary service [4].…”

A Novel System for the Measurement of an Evaporation Duct Using the Magnetic Coupling Principle for Power Feeding and Data Transmission

“…Without the consideration of other influencing factors such as rainfall, the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere is mainly determined by the structures of the refractive index, so propagation models (e.g., the terrain parabolic equation model (TPEM)) require a refractivity profile to make their calculations. It is now well established that the evaporation duct is the dominant propagation mechanism, resulting in over-the-horizon radar detection or causing a radar-blind area for microwaves at frequencies above the L-band [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Therefore, the measurement of the evaporation duct is of extreme importance because it affects most of the radar, radio communication, and navigation systems when they are operating under that condition.…”