Propagation of In Situ Horizontal Fractures in Shale Due to Steam Injection

Abstract

Thermal recovery processes such as cyclic steam stimulation and steam assisted gravity drainage involve steam injection of large volume into oil sand formation. Dilatation of oil sand formation due to steam injection induces stresses and deformations in the shale overburden. Natural horizontal fissures or fractures of large extent with no tensile and cohesive strength are commonly found in the shale formation. New fractures will be initiated at these in-situ horizontal fracture tips if the stresses and deformation induced by the steam injection are excessive. Reactivation and propagation of these in-situ fractures in the shale formation could cause not only casing impairment problem but also environmental hazard. This paper presents an analytical model to investigate the propensity for fracture propagation in shale due to steam injection under tensile (mode I) and shear (model II) fracturing. Practical numerical examples are presented along with risk assessment and implications.

Analysis of Fracture Design in a Vertical Well with a Horizontal Fracture

“…In addition, in-situ stress state change due to geological movements (e.g. a thrust fault) (Maxwell et al 2007), secondary or enhanced oil recovery (Wright et al 1997;Wong and Chau 2004) may result in significant growth of horizontal fractures during fracturing. Daal and Economides (2006) studied hydraulically fractured wells in square and rectangular patterns, and they concluded that a dimensionless fracture conductivity of 1.6 will yield the highest productivity for production systems with proppant number below 0.1.…”