Propagation of Staphylococcal Typing Phages on a Common Host, Staphylococcus aureus K1, and Host-Controlled Changes in Their Lytic Range

Ralston, Doris J.; Baer, Beatrice S.

doi:10.1099/00221287-36-1-17

Journal of General Microbiology

1964

DOI: 10.1099/00221287-36-1-17

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Propagation of Staphylococcal Typing Phages on a Common Host, Staphylococcus aureus K1, and Host-Controlled Changes in Their Lytic Range

Doris J. Ralston

Beatrice S. Baer

Abstract: SUMMARYA broad range of typing phages belonging to lytic groups I, 11, 111, IV and those classified as miscellaneous produced plaques on Staphylococcus aureus strain KI. Two variant forms of this strain were compared, KIN and KIHI. Phages belonging to lytic group 11, of both A and B serology, had low efficiencies of plating (EOP) for the KiN variant but had high EOP values for the KIHI variant. In general, of phages from other lytic groups, those of B serology tended to plate with low EOP values on both varian… Show more

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Cited by 3 publications

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“…With the exception of the work done by Ralston and Baer on the modification of the host range of staphylococcal phage K 14 (32,33), no DNA had been successfully transferred between S. aureus strains belonging to different phage groups due to restriction-modification barriers. The phage group II S. aureus strains in particular have always been somewhat enigmatic since they seem unable to undergo genetic exchange with other strains.…”

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“…Smith and Condemine (36) stated that "technology needs to be developed to simplify map construction by using maps that already exist for related organisms." This project outlines one such technology that was applied to Staphylococcus aureus.The species is divided into five phage groups on the basis of typing patterns produced on infection with staphylococcal phages (23,32,33,42,45,48). A detailed genetic and physical map has been established in the phage group III S. aureus NCTC 8325 by using methods of classical genetics and pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis (27,28,31).…”

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Construction of a chromosome map for the phage group II Staphylococcus aureus Ps55

Bannantine

Pattee

1996

J Bacteriol

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The genome size and a partial physical and genetic map have been defined for the phage group II Staphylococcus aureus Ps55. The genome size was estimated to be 2,771 kb by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using the restriction enzymes SmaI, CspI, and SgrAI. The Ps55 chromosome map was constructed by transduction of auxotrophic and cryptic transposon insertions, with known genetic and physical locations in S. aureus NCTC 8325, into the Ps55 background. PFGE and DNA hybridization analysis were used to detect the location of the transposon in Ps55. Ps55 restriction fragments were then ordered on the basis of genetic conservation between the two strains. Cloned DNA probes containing the lactose operon (lac) and genes encoding staphylococcal protein A (spa), gamma hemolysin (hlg), and coagulase (coa) were also located on the map by PFGE and hybridization analysis. This methodology enabled a direct comparison of chromosomal organization between NCTC 8325 and Ps55 strains. The chromosome size, gene order, and some of the restriction sites are conserved between the two phage group strains.A physical map of a chromosome consists of an ordered set of restriction fragments that places genomic sequence in the order it exists inside the cell. The resolution of chromosome structure can vary from a macrorestriction map consisting of only a few large, restriction fragments (10, 14, 17, 37) to thousands of small clones of ordered chromosomal DNA (4, 13) to a complete nucleotide sequence (11). The advantages of a physical map over a genetic map are severalfold. Physical maps are faster to construct and require considerably less laborintensive methods. Methods in genetic mapping, such as conjugation, transformation, transduction, and mutagenesis, can be bypassed in physical map construction. Many prokaryotic physical maps have been constructed as a starting point to characterize the chromosome because methods of genetic analysis were underdeveloped (1,2,5,14,15,17,43,47). Other physical maps were constructed to confirm previously established genetic maps (10,28,46).With the establishment of long-range genomic mapping techniques (20,36), there has been a recent surge in the field of prokaryotic genomic mapping. With these maps constructed, a preliminary assessment of chromosomal diversity among the prokaryotes may become possible. This assessment of chromosomal diversity has already been examined for species in the genus Neisseria (8), where a newly constructed Neisseria meningitidis map was compared with a previously constructed map of a gonococcal strain. Smith and Condemine (36) stated that "technology needs to be developed to simplify map construction by using maps that already exist for related organisms." This project outlines one such technology that was applied to Staphylococcus aureus.The species is divided into five phage groups on the basis of typing patterns produced on infection with staphylococcal phages (23,32,33,42,45,48). A detailed genetic and physical map has been established in the phage group III S. aure...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of a chromosome map for the phage group II Staphylococcus aureus Ps55

Bannantine

Pattee

1996

J Bacteriol

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A New Property of Phage Group II Staphylococcus aureus Strains: Host Restriction of Phage K14

Ralston

Baer

1964

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYVarious strains of Staphylococcus aureus which type exclusively with phages of lytic group I1 were found to modify phage Kia so that its ability to form plaques on host KIN was lessened. The restricted phage formed plaques with high efficiency on all strains of lytic group 11. In general, it plated at lower titres on strains of lytic groups I, 111, IVY and on some strains of miscellaneous typing characteristics ; however, there were some variations among separate cultures of the same strains. For example, the restricted phage plated at high titre on strains 52~/79", 73, and PA, but formed significantly fewer numbers of plaques on strain 5 2~/ 7 9~ and on a second culture of 4 4~. Strain KIN was found to dissociate into apt (KIHI) and non-apt (mm) forms. The probability of plaque development by restricted phage on strain KIN was dependent upon the nutritional state of the cocci and also upon the proportion of apt and non-apt cells. The restriction of phage Kia was eliminated during its propagation on all strains other than lytic group 11. The unrestricted progeny particles tended to assay at equal titre on all the indicator strains. In all cases the genotype of the phage-susceptibility to host-control-remained unchanged. The observations add to existing data which indicate that strains of phage group I1 form a genetically distinct group. The suggestion is made that this phenomenon might help in taxonomic classification of strains of S . aureus.

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Properties Of Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus in the 94, 96 Complex

Asheshov¹,

Coe²,

Porthouse³

1977

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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PHAGES 94 and 96 were introduced into the basic set of phages for typing strains of Staphylococcus aureus after they were shown to be useful in identifying otherwise untypable strains of this organism (Subcommittee on phage-typing of staphylococci, 1975). Phage 94, of serological group A, was isolated in the United States in 1971 (Blouse et al., 1973), and phage 96, a serological group-B phage, in New Zealand by Mrs J. Markham about 1 year later. Although the phages were isolated at different times in different parts of the world and are serologically distinct, they tend to have a rather similar range of lytic activity, and staphylococci that are sensitive to these phages are usually resistant to other basic-set phages. Such strains account for between 9 and 10% of all isolates typed at the Staphylococcus Reference Laboratory, Colindale, at present. We have examined a number of them and find that most have, as reported here, some rather distinctive properties. This suggests that they form a homogeneous group of strains with a possible common origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Strains of Staphylococcus aureus.Over 200 strains of staphylococci of the 94,96 complex were examined. They included the propagating strains (PS) for the basic-set typing phages 94 and 96 and for phages 14,15,16 and 17. The remainder were strains sent to this laboratory for routine phage typing and represented isolates collected during 1973 to 1975 from 40 different hospitals. All were lysed by phage 94 or phage 96 or by both, and were resistant to lysis by other basic-set phages. Strains used as indicators of lysogenicity were the PS for the 22 basic-set phages and three additional " polyvalent " strains (nos. 1030, 18042 and W57) which are sensitive to most staphylococcal phages.Phage typing was performed according to Blair and Williams (1961). In addition to the 23 phages in the current basic set, five phages showing variable activity against strains susceptible to phages 94 and 96 were tested against a selection of strains. These were phage 47A (no. NCTC8407), which was included in the basic set until the early 1950's, and four phages-nos. 14, 15, 16 and 17-isolated in the Netherlands and kindly supplied by Dr N. van Leeuwen.Tests for lysogenicity. Three-hour cultures in nutrient broth (Oxoid no. 2) were exposed to 0.5 pg of mitomycin C per ml for 30 min. at 37°C. The cultures were then centrifuged, the supernates discarded, and the cells resuspended in the original volume of nutrient broth. After a further 2 h at 37"C, the cultures were centrifuged and the supernates spotted on to nutrient-agar plates which had been flooded with broth cultures of indicator strains.Mutagen treatment. Two mutagens were used-ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) and N-methyl-N'-nitroso-N-nitroguanidine (NG).

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Propagation of Staphylococcal Typing Phages on a Common Host, Staphylococcus aureus K1, and Host-Controlled Changes in Their Lytic Range

Cited by 3 publications

References 9 publications

Construction of a chromosome map for the phage group II Staphylococcus aureus Ps55

Construction of a chromosome map for the phage group II Staphylococcus aureus Ps55

A New Property of Phage Group II Staphylococcus aureus Strains: Host Restriction of Phage K14

Properties Of Strains of Staphylococcus Aureus in the 94, 96 Complex

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