Propagation prediction techniques and antenna modeling (150 to 1705 kHz) for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) broadcast applications

2DE-WAVE Tool for Computing Theoretical Field Levels at MF & HF band and Comparison with Experimental Values in a Real Environment

“…However, in real environments, these conditions can be altered due to the presence of topographical irregularities. It is shown that, for obstacles with dimensions greater than one wavelength, these topographical irregularities can cause severe fading in the field values at points close to obstacles [38,39,54,55], but we also should keep in mind the presence of buildings in urban areas and the vegetation, which can also lead to notable fading [56,57]. In our particular case, our application does not consider the surface irregularities, and we only compute the effective heights of Tx and Rx, considering the path between the transmitter and each receptor.…”

Novel digital broadcast / communication systems and groundwave propagation prediction requirements

“…In addition to the classical LF/MF/HF broadcast and communication systems, emerging HF and VHF radar technologies [1,2], or intelligent transportation systems [3] require to understand propagation characteristics over the Earth's surface along realistic propagation paths. Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is also one of these new technologies [4] for short to long-wave systems, endorsed by the international standards like ITU, IEC and ETSI.…”

Simulations and Effects of Natural Environments on Low Frequency Antennas With Three-Dimensional FDTD Method

“…modeling of the soil for our distance of interest: from λ 0 /10 to 3λ 0 . Remotely from this distance, one can use propagation techniques of DeMinco [3]. More complex natural environments can be implemented in the FDTD model which is done in the following.…”

“…The radio waves can travel long distance with -at least -three propagation modes: direct (line-of-sight), surface (groundwave) and ionospheric (skywave) modes. Antennas used to transmit information at these frequencies are mainly wire type antennas [1] and the electromagnetic field propagation over usual soils is known [2,3]. These papers and the references herein deal with the radiation of a dipole over a flat terrain, or over an irregular one at a significant distance from the dipole.…”

“…These papers and the references herein deal with the radiation of a dipole over a flat terrain, or over an irregular one at a significant distance from the dipole. As shown in [3], the problem may be split in two steps: the computation of the radiated field at approximately three wavelengths and then the subsequent computation of the propagation with propagation algorithms. For the first step, according to the type of antenna and ground several approaches may be used including full wave ones like integral equation with vertically stratified media [4], which is available in commercial codes.…”