Properties and applications of electrically conductive
thermoplastics for additive manufacturing of sensors

Hampel, Benedikt; Monshausen, Samuel; Schilling, Meinhard

doi:10.1515/teme-2016-0057

Cited by 29 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Besides these material-specific variations, process-specific anisotropies in resistivity are also analyzed in several studies (see Table 1). Both factors of influence regarding geometry, e.g., build orientation [2,[22][23][24], and with regard to process are investigated, for instance, raster angle [1,2], raster width [21], air gap or flow rate [1,21] as well as active cooling [4], extrusion speed [4], and temperature [1,4]. In addition to electrical conductivity, Watschke et al (2017) [1] and Dul et al (2018) [2] investigated resistive heating due to process-and material-specific variations.…”

Section: Characterization Of Electrically Conductive Composite Materimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on their experimental results, Hampel et al (2017) [4] developed a rudimentary analytical model for the calculation of the electrical resistance of additively manufactured parts by MEX that supports designing electrical components. In addition, Zhang et al (2017) [23] provided an approach for simulating resulting electrical resistance regarding specific process parameters by utilizing finite elements method.…”

Section: Characterization Of Electrically Conductive Composite Materimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multi-material parts manufactured by additive manufacturing (AM) demonstrate a vast potential regarding the integration of several, material-specific functions due to combining multiple materials into one part without an additional joining process needed. For example, conductive materials can be combined with conventional build materials to realize conductivity inside specific areas of the part, so that the assembly and maintenance of heat radiant surfaces [1,2], 3D printed circuits [3,4] or tactile sensors [5,6] would be omitted. Whereas only few AM technologies are capable of processing multiple materials within the manufacturing process, the AM technology material extrusion (MEX) is predestinated in this regard due to its process principle (discrete material transition) [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using AM technologies for generating multi-material parts enables functional integration via discrete local material variations. In addition, a specific design of material properties such as electrical resistance due to a targeted utilization of process parameters variations or part geometry [1,2,4] expands the design freedom. Hence, in contrast to traditional manufacturing processes (e.g., milling temples of a sunglasses and used to power an LCD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the following, an overview of realized applications regarding electrical components specific to MEX is given. Hampel et al (2017) [4] showed the integration of electrical components by means of a 3d printed flashing circuit, for instance, a push button, resistors, and cavities for the integration of a capacitor or an LED. Furthermore, to demonstrate the potential of functional integration of additively manufactured electrical components, Reyes et al (2018) [19] realized a lithium ion battery that is integrated into side…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Design and Characterization of Electrically Conductive Structures Additively Manufactured by Material Extrusion

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multi-material additive manufacturing offers new design freedom for functional integration and opens new possibilities in innovative part design, for instance, a local integration of electrically conductive structures or heat radiant surfaces. Detailed experimental investigations on materials with three different fillers (carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nano copper wires) were conducted to identify process-specific influencing factors on electrical conductivity and resistive heating. In this regard, raster angle orientation, extrusion temperature, speed and flow rate were investigated. A variation of the raster angle (0 • , ±45 • , and 90 • ) shows the highest influence on resistivity. An angle of 0 • had the lowest electrical resistance and the highest temperature increase due to resistive heating. The material filled with nano copper wires showed the highest electrical conductivity followed by the CNT filled material and materials filled with CB. Both current-voltage characteristics and voltage-dependent heat distribution of the surface temperature were determined by using a thermographic camera. The highest temperature increase was achieved by the CNT filled material. The materials filled with CB and nano copper wires showed increased electrical resistance depending on temperature. Based on the experiments, solution principles and design rules for additively manufactured electrically conductive structures are derived. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 779 2 of 25 or casting), the designer has entirely new opportunities in product design. Consequently, there are two big challenges. On the one hand, the design engineer needs to be supported to ensure a consideration of these new design potentials in conceptual design. On the other hand, rules for designing conductive structures have to be established, for instance, to adjust the electrical resistance. The latter research gap is focused on in this contribution. Therefore, a simultaneous consideration of part design and process planning is crucial to leverage the advantages of AM's design freedom [9]. A provision of specific knowledge regarding AM's design potentials is essential for both, conceptual design (e.g., solution principles) and detail design (e.g., design rules) [10]. At present, no systematic consideration of the design potentials of multi-material AM, especially regarding electrically conductive structures, in product development is possible. There are only rudimentary frameworks [11] or general design heuristics for multi-material AM [12,13]. Moreover, design rules for MEX generally concern only geometrical restrictions [14] or consider process related influencing factors on mechanical properties [15]. However, no specific guidelines and rules for the design of additively manufactured conductive structures have been developed. Consequently, designers have no common basis on which functions such as electrical conductivity or heat radiation can be integrated in multi-material parts manufactured by MEX.Extensive experimental investigations were condu...

show abstract

Section: Characterization Of Electrically Conductive Composite Materimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characterization Of Electrically Conductive Composite Materimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Design and Characterization of Electrically Conductive Structures Additively Manufactured by Material Extrusion

2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Design of Additively Manufactured Heat-Generating Structures

Hilbig

Watschke

Vietor

2021

Technologies for Economic and Functional Lightweight Design

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Influence of print settings on conductivity of 3D printed elastomers with carbon-based fillers

2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Flexible, elastomeric materials for 3D printing have attracted considerable interest due to their potential application in clothing, shoe manufacturing and orthopedics. At the same time, smart clothing is also moving closer to more mainstream applications; as such, it is of considerable interest to combine both the structural and smart functions 3D printing offers in one material. While smart functionalities may be incorporated in a textile in a variety of ways (e.g. using shape-memory polymers), the use of electronic components such as sensors and actuators allow smart response to a multitude of stimuli. This necessitates the use of conductive and flexible materials that offer reliable conductivity after printing and provide optically attractive results. It is known that print conditions influence electrical properties, but while the print parameters are well researched for hard materials, there is not as much research for flexible compounds. Here, we show the influence of print speed, temperature, infill orientation, layer thickness and print mode (i.e. time between printing of successive layers). It was found that the most influential parameters are print mode, infill orientation and print temperature. The differences in electrical properties between the three materials used in this test may be explained by differences in filler content. A preliminary study into the optimization of the shape of a printed conductive line on elastic textile shows that the overall length of the printed path needs to be adapted to the maximum stretch of the textile, while shape has little influence on conductivity.

show abstract

Properties and applications of electrically conductive thermoplastics for additive manufacturing of sensors

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Design and Characterization of Electrically Conductive Structures Additively Manufactured by Material Extrusion

Design and Characterization of Electrically Conductive Structures Additively Manufactured by Material Extrusion

Design of Additively Manufactured Heat-Generating Structures

Influence of print settings on conductivity of 3D printed elastomers with carbon-based fillers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About