Properties and Applications of Gelatin, Pectin, and Carrageenan Gels

Exploration of Chitinous Scaffold-Based Interfaces for Glucose Sensing Assemblies

“…The CT/CS composites are also known as green composites with ecofriendly, fully degradable and sustainable properties. Solution mixing, melt mixing, in situ polymerization, dry powder mixing, and aqueous mixing techniques are some of the common but important methodologies to prepare CT/CS composites [1,2,[25][26][27]. These composites can be prepared judiciously to get anticipated archetypes with desired physicomechanical, biochemical, morphological, bio-durable and biomimetic properties [26,27].…”

“…Although agglomeration/aggregation due to high surface energy and poor binding to the substrate of these unique and diminutive nanostructures sometimes limit their use for analyte detection in sensing systems, these limitations can be easily overcome by using suitable matrix and nanomaterials as reinforced materials. CT and CS are used as matrix phase when blend or blend with other polymeric materials [26,27,33,35]. Most of the properties of such composites directly depend upon the reinforcing phase/material's properties, which need to meet the practical purposes.…”

“…Most of the properties of such composites directly depend upon the reinforcing phase/material's properties, which need to meet the practical purposes. These nanocomposites with special intrinsic properties, mainly regulated by nanostructures, can be produced by bottom-up or top-down methodologies including vapor phase deposition (VPD) and in situ synthesis [19,26,27,30,[36][37][38][39]. Nanocomposites of CT/CS is a multiphase material where enzymes and nanomaterials are incorporated into CT/CS matrix using various methods.…”

“…Surface-coated electrodes also suffer from leakage or fouling due to the overloading of enzymes/nanomaterials [109]. This serious and practical problem can be resolved by co-modification of electrode matrix with chitosan/nanocomposites of chitosan [26,27,[109][110][111]. Modification of electrode with co-immobilized nanomaterials and enzymes with polymer matrix is another experimental strategy to overcome the limitations of compact/layered structure.…”

“…either in the form of sol-gel coating or thin film attachment. Incorporation of electroactive materials with electrode material has also been investigated for controlled surface interactions and fast analytical performance [26,27,[118][119][120][121]].…”