“…Ferroelectric thin films are used in various applications such as non-volatile memory, actuators, energy harvesting devices and sensors (Setter et al, 2006;Saremi et al, 2018;Bae & Chang, 2019;Li et al, 2020;Jayakrishnan et al, 2023). In particular, thin films formed by heteroepitaxial growth such as Pb(Ti, Zr)O 3 /SrTiO 3 (Kaneko et al, 2009;Wen & Wu, 2020), PZT/ SrRuO 3 /mica (Jiang et al, 2017;Ren et al, 2018) and GaN/ Al 2 O 3 (Romanitan et al, 2021;Bagal et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022) have become essential components for high-efficiency energy storage. Studies have found that it is possible to improve energy storage properties through various adjustments, such as modifying the surface properties of the substrate or controlling the orientation (Song & Son, 2023; Lee & Son, 2024).…”