“…The processes of the CR and CC of steel is still the subject of extensive study and analysis at scientific conferences and in journals and books [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Significant refining of the coarse grain (CG) structures of the polycrystalline materials can be achieved by the following procedures: - thermoplastic deformation and cooling named as CR–CC (conventional methods of grain size refinement) with the diameter of the final grain size at the level of microns d ≥ 1 μm
- severe plastic deformation processes (SPD), which represent new methods of forming the final structure with grain-size diameter at the level of nanometers d < 1 μm [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].
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