Properties and Formation Technology of Glutinous Biocomposite Materials

Abstract

Synthetic polymers and composite materials based on them are widely used in engineering for the manufacture of parts of machines and mechanisms, which are characterized by high manufacturability, corrosion resistance and specific strength. However, materials of this class are difficult to dispose of after use, so they mainly end up in landfills, which leads to environmental pollution and deterioration of environmental safety. In addition, the raw material base of synthetic polymers based on hydrocarbons is exhaustive, which in the future will lead to difficulties in obtaining raw materials and to an increase in the cost of products. The modern development of biocomposite materials contributes to the gradual growth of demand in the market, because biocomposite materials are more practical, ecological, and cheaper than classical materials. The development of new biocomposite materials is taking place at a rapid pace, so their range is expanding on the market. Biocomposites are used in agriculture, horticulture, automotive industry, consumer electronics, toys, textiles and other industries. New biocomposite materials are manufactured using biotechnologies based on the development of biochemistry, microbiology and other sciences. The binding material in biocomposites is natural adhesive substances released from liquid or other plant material. Biocomposites, in which the biopolymer matrix is reinforced with natural fibres, are a reliable and promising alternative to synthetic polymers. The effectiveness of such biocomposites depends on the properties of natural fibres used for reinforcement. Natural fillers are characterized by a high ability to recover, low density and cost, and are environmentally safe, biodegradable and distributed in nature. The biodegradability of plant fibres contributes to the preservation of the ecosystem, and their low cost and high productivity satisfy economic aspects. Today, there are new approaches to the development of biocomposite materials for structural purposes, which are distinguished by high environmental safety and have high indicators of strength characteristics. The introduction of biocomposite materials based on components of natural origin allows solving the problem of disposal of used biocomposite products or individual parts that are highly compatible with the environment, as they are able to break down under the influence of atmospheric factors and microorganisms into environmentally safe components. This will reduce the amount of use and reduce the harmful effects of synthetic polymers that are resistant to destruction and are a source of pollution. The increase in demand for biocomposites raised the question of processing this material. The main methods of utilization and regeneration are the following ways of beneficial use of secondary biocomposite raw materials: burning for the purpose of obtaining energy; reuse; secondary processing. Incineration in incinerators is not a cost-effective method of disposal, as it represents a loss of valuable raw materials and the generation of waste. The best ways to dispose of secondary biocomposite raw materials from an economic and ecological point of view are reuse and recycling into new types of materials and products. It is advisable to recycle biocomposites because the resources of many materials on the planet are limited and cannot be replenished in terms comparable to the time of human civilization. Once in the environment, materials usually become pollutants, so recycling will help solve some ecological problems. Improving recycling technologies and improving the properties of biocomposites after secondary processing will reduce the amount of biocomposite waste and involve the use of new raw materials. The relevance of the development of composites based on components of natural origin is determined by the need to optimize the chemical composition and modes of the technological process of product formation, to study the peculiarities of the structure and properties of biocomposite materials that have high biodegradability and safety in the process of production, operation and disposal.