“…Since polycrystalline molybdenum can inherently weak grain boundaries, grain boundary strengthening and refinement techniques have been used to prevent or delay grain boundary embrittlement [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. Significant improvement in ductility and fracture toughness has been achieved so far mainly by controlling impurities, reducing the grain size, and adding alloy elements such as Re, Ti, Zr, Al, B, and C, or oxide and carbide particles.…”