Properties of cellulose derivatives produced from radiation—Modified cellulose pulps

Improved Synthesis of Cellulose Carbamates with Minimum Urea Based on an Easy Scale-up Method

“…Because of the rigorous condition and the consumption of the highly involved of chemicals (xylene, ammonia etc. ), the above methods had limitations for technical application. , Recently, several methods for the synthesis of CCs including the isocyanate-pyridine procedure, “pad-dry-cure” method, supercritical carbon dioxide assisted impregnation − and electron radiation were reported. In these methods, the weight ratio of urea and cellulose were high and mainly in the range of 1:1–4:1.…”

Functionalisation of cellulosic substrates by a facile solventless method of introducing carbamate groups

“…Because of the rigorous conditions and the consumption of the high amount of chemicals, the mentioned methods have limitations for technical application. Recently, several new methods for synthesising of cellulose carbamate including heating with microwave (Guo, Zhou, Song, & Zhang, 2009;Loth, 2002;Zhou et al, 2009), supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) assisted impregnation (Yin, Xu, & Shen, 2006; and electron radiation (Iller, Mikolajczyk, Stupinska, & Starostka, 2003, Iller, Stupinska, & Starostka, 2007 were reported. The researchers have attempted to limit or eliminate the disadvantages of the cellulose treatment with alkali or ammonia solutions, reduce the chemical consumption and the prolonged reaction time for the whole processes.…”

Electron beam processing to improve the functionality of biodegradable food packaging

“…In order to speed up production and reduce the amount of chemicals used for cellulose modifi cation, eBeam in the 5-50 kGy dose range was evaluated in preparing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and cellulose carbamate (Iller et al ., 2007). Although the radiation cleaved glycosidic bonds and reduced molecular weight in cellulose, it had a different effect on functionalization.…”