Properties of phenol‐formaldehyde resins prepared from phenol‐liquefied lignin

Lee, Wen‐Jau; Chang, Kuo-Chun; Tseng, I-Min

doi:10.1002/app.35539

Cited by 85 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…As such efforts to substitute either one or both the monomers with lignin or lignin derivatives to make the process greener need to be reviewed here. [66][67][68] The T g of the above-mentioned lignin derivative was found to be higher than its degradation temperature (≈ 220 °C) and therefore, could not be determined. 63 In this study, the T g of the copolymer measured using complex electric modulus (CEM) procedures, showed that the lignin based polyesters had a T g around 70 °C irrespective of the reaction temperature or the co-monomer ratio used.…”

Section: Scheme 4 Hydroxypropylation Of Lignin 50mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal properties of lignin in copolymers, blends, and composites: a review

2015

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The need for renewable alternatives to conventional petroleum based polymers has been the motivation for work on biobased composites, blends and materials whose foundations are carbon neutral feedstocks. Lignin, an abundant plant derived feedstock, and waste byproduct of the cellulosic ethanol and pulp and paper industry, qualifies as a renewable material. Despite the fact that it is often difficult to blend lignin with other polymers due to its complex structure and reactivity, published research over the past decade, has focused on issues such as lignin miscibility with other polymers, the thermal and mechanical strength behavior of its copolymers and its fractions as well as efforts of tuning its thermal properties via chemical modifications and other means. As such this effort now attempts to offer a comprehensive overview that largely discusses the importance of these processes with the aim toward effective, cost efficient and environmentally friendly means that may allow the utilization of this important and largely ignored biopolymer.

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Section: Scheme 4 Hydroxypropylation Of Lignin 50mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal properties of lignin in copolymers, blends, and composites: a review

2015

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“…The water and the hydrogen produced would Brought to you by | EP Ipswich Authenticated Download Date | 10/9/14 5:57 AM react with the methylene group, resulting in the release of carbon monoxide and methane, respectively. In region III (above 620°C), the continuous WL is mainly caused by the dehydrogenation of the benzene rings (Trick and Saliba 1995;Lenghaus et al 2001;Lee et al 2012b). Py-oil/Ph-based PF resins degrade mainly at temperatures between 150°C and 300°C, and their char content is essentially lower at 800°C.…”

Section: Properties Of Pf Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resins from pyrolysis oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood and properties of molding plates made of resin-impregnated materials

Lee¹,

Tseng²,

Kao³

et al. 2013

Holzforschung

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Fast pyrolysis oil (Py-oil) from Cunninghamia lanceolata wood was the starting material in preparing alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. For this purpose, phenol (Ph) and Py-oils were mixed in weight ratios of 50/50, 40/60, and 30/70. The molecular weight distribution, thermal setting behavior, and heat resistance of the set resins were investigated. Albizia falcataria wood powder and cotton paper were impregnated with the resin mixture, and molding plates were produced by hot pressing; their physical, mechanical, and thermal properties were evaluated. The results show that Py-oil blended with Ph is a suitable raw material for preparing alcohol-soluble PF resins, which possess the characteristics of thermal melting and setting. The properties of the molding plates were satisfactory. The static bending strength ( > 100 MPa) and elastic modulus of the cotton paper-based products fulfill the requirements of CNS 10559 standard. The initial temperature of the thermal degradation of molding plates is > 345°C. The performance of the molding plates decreased with increasing ratios of Py-oil.

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“…This may also be attributed to mass loss due to loss of carbon monoxide and methane formed by degradation of methylene bridges (Lee et al 2012). Conley (1965) has reported that phenolic resins are decomposed through oxidation of methylene bridges, regardless of whether resin is exposed to elevated temperatures in air, oxygen, or nitrogen.…”

Section: Thermal Degradation Properties Of the Synthesized Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cure Kinetics, Bonding Performance, Thermal Degradation, and Biocidal Studies of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

2014

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Crude bio-oil, extracted from endocarp bio-waste of Ziziphus mauritiana by direct liquefaction (ethanol-water 1:1 w/w; 300 °C), was used to replace petro-phenol (30% to 75% w/w) in the development of bio-oilphenol formaldehyde (BPF) resol resins. Cure kinetics of the BPF resins were studied by the DSC method, while the thermal degradation was studied by the TGA method. Bonding performance of the BPF resins was measured by single lap-shear method, while biocidal properties were investigated by antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) test. The DSC studies revealed that beyond 45% bio-oil incorporation (BOI), the curing process of the BPF resins got deferred. The TGA studies showed that BOI decreased the thermal stability of the BPF resins by lowering the decomposition temperatures and the char residue. The measured values of antifungal index (%) and termite mortality (%) revealed that incorporation of bio-oil enhanced the fungal and termite resistance of the resins. From data of thermal cure, bonding strength, thermal stability, and biocidal properties of the BPF resins it appears that petro-phenol could be substituted by up to 45% w/w of crude bio-oil safely in the development of bio-oil-phenol formaldehyde resol resins.

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Properties of phenol‐formaldehyde resins prepared from phenol‐liquefied lignin

Cited by 85 publications

References 23 publications

Thermal properties of lignin in copolymers, blends, and composites: a review

Thermal properties of lignin in copolymers, blends, and composites: a review

Synthesis of alcohol-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resins from pyrolysis oil of Cunninghamia lanceolata wood and properties of molding plates made of resin-impregnated materials

Cure Kinetics, Bonding Performance, Thermal Degradation, and Biocidal Studies of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified with Crude Bio-oil Prepared from Ziziphus mauritiana Endocarps

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