Melting has long been used to join metallic materials, from welding to selective laser melting in additive manufacturing. In the same school of thought, localized melting has been generally perceived as an advantage, if not the main mechanism, for the adhesion of metallic microparticles to substrates during a supersonic impact. Here, we conduct the first in situ supersonic impact observations of individual metallic microparticles aimed at the explicit study of melting effects. Counterintuitively, we find that under at least some conditions melting is disadvantageous and hinders impact-induced adhesion. In the parameter space explored, i.e., ∼10 μm particle size and ∼1 km=s particle velocity, we argue that the solidification time is much longer than the residence time of the particle on the substrate, so that resolidification cannot be a significant factor in adhesion. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.175701 Understanding materials physics under impact has motivated extensive research in areas ranging from asteroid strikes [1] and ballistic deposition [2] to mechanochemical synthesis [3], materials failures [4,5], structural modification [6], and phase transformation [7]. Less conventionally, three decades ago, metallic powder particles were first observed to bond to metallic substrates under supersonicimpact conditions at low temperatures [8]. The notion of impact-induced adhesion, thereafter, has been implemented in powder processing through kinetic deposition or cold spray [9,10]. Kinetic deposition has proven successful in making coatings [11][12][13], in reclaiming damaged metallic surfaces [14], and in additively manufacturing bulk metallic materials [15].In this area of impact science, researchers have repeatedly observed a material-dependent critical velocity [16,17] [20] have been put forth to explain the underlying mechanism(s) of impact-induced adhesion, each of which enjoys partial support from observational data. For instance, sharp jumps observed in the temperature and strain in Lagrangian impact simulations have been used to support an argument for adiabatic shear localization [16,21]. Experimental measurements of reduced oxide content in cold spray coatings as compared to initial powder feedstock underpins an argument for oxide layer breakup [22]. Small spherical ejecta found in the coating [20] or intermetallic detected at the interface [23] suggest localized melting or interdiffusion.More consensus, however, has been attained around postmortem observations of material jets around the periphery of adhered particles [16,24,25]. We have recently, for the first time, conducted in situ observations of the impact behavior of individual supersonic metallic microparticles below and above the critical velocity and found that material ejection and jetting are crucial for adhesion [26,27]. We argued that neither shear localization nor melting are needed to account for material ejection. Rather, it can arise from the interaction of the impactinduced pressure wave with the contact periphery of the particle. A...