Properties of sustained and transient ganglion cells in the cat retina

Cleland, B. G.; Levick, W. R.; Sanderson, K. J.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1973.sp010105

Cited by 292 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…3). Low sensitivity in an OFF cell depends partly on its low maintained discharge, shown here in vitro and elsewhere in vivo (Cleland et al, 1973;Kaplan et al, 1987;Troy and Robson, 1992;Passaglia et al, 2001). The low maintained discharge of an OFF cell would be further reduced at the next synaptic stage, because an LGN relay cell only conveys ϳ40% of the spikes from its retinal afferent (Kaplan et al, 1987).…”

Section: Implications For Visionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…However, ON and OFF cells differ in other properties. For example, under cone-driven conditions, an ON cell fires spontaneously at a higher rate than an OFF cell (Cleland et al, 1973;Kaplan et al, 1987;Troy and Robson, 1992;Passaglia et al, 2001;Chichilnisky and Kalmar, 2002) (but see Troy and Lee, 1994). Furthermore, in primate (magnocellular pathway), an ON cell responds to both an increment and decrement of low contrast (relative to mean luminance); whereas an OFF cell responds only to a decrement of relatively high contrast (Chichilnisky and Kalmar, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Different Circuits for ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells Cause Different Contrast Sensitivities

Zaghloul¹,

Boahen

Demb³

2003

J. Neurosci.

217

309

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The theory of "parallel pathways" predicts that, except for a sign reversal, ON and OFF ganglion cells are driven by a similar presynaptic circuit. To test this hypothesis, we measured synaptic inputs to ON and OFF cells as reflected in the subthreshold membrane potential. We made intracellular recordings from brisk-transient (Y) cells in the in vitro guinea pig retina and show that ON and OFF cells in fact express significant asymmetries in their synaptic inputs. An ON cell receives relatively linear input that modulates a single excitatory conductance; whereas an OFF cell receives rectified input that modulates both inhibitory and excitatory conductances. The ON pathway, blocked by L-AP-4, tonically inhibits an OFF cell at mean luminance and phasically inhibits an OFF cell during a light increment. Our results suggest that basal glutamate release is high at ON but not OFF bipolar terminals, and inhibition between pathways is unidirectional: ON 3 OFF. These circuit asymmetries explain asymmetric contrast sensitivity observed in spiking behavior.

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Section: Implications For Visionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Circuits for ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells Cause Different Contrast Sensitivities

Zaghloul¹,

Boahen

Demb³

2003

J. Neurosci.

217

309

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The latter respond to increments as well, although less so than the transient neurons. The distinction further is characterized by the fact that transient channels have smaller latency, shorter pulse response (as derived from a spike poststimulus time histogram ;Cleland, Levick, & Sanderson, 1973), and less latency variance, properties all especially suiting these channels for the transmission of temporal information.…”

Section: Adaptationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination of visually perceived intervals of time

Oostenbrug

Horst

Kuiper

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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The discrimination of short intervals of time, demarcated by a foveally presented spatially distinct double pulse of light, was studied under several conditions of pulse intensity, angular diameter, and duration. We defined temporal acuity as a measure of discrimination capacity in terms of d' values. It is shown that the acuity mechanism uses largely integrated information-in the spatial and temporal domain, up to at least 56' and 32 msec, respectively. Acuity increases slightly with increasing integrated pulse energy, but seems quite independent of the presence of an adapting field of appreciable brightness. Studies on the effect of the foveal site aimed at by the pulses of light have shown that temporal projections lead to significantly poorer acuity values than nasal projections. Monoptic and dichoptic stimulation, however, are fully equivalent.

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“…For B.B., the suppression duration hovered around 2 sec at the two greater viewing eccentricities; for M.R., the suppression duration hovered around 4-5 sec. To obtain suppression durations 20 to 50 times the brief duration of the mask is rather unexpected and is irreconcilable with the rather short response persistence of the transient channel's impulse response (Breitmeyer& Ganz, 1977;Cleland, Levick, & Sanderson, 1973;Watson & Nachmias, 1977), which is on the border of 30-70 msec. A highly likely explanation is that the mask effectiveness, becoming stronger in the parafovea and periphery, exploits and amplifies the well-known Troxler effect obtained under semistabilized viewing, which, when initiated, runs its temporal course in proportion to the strength of the mask.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single-transient masking paradigm

Breitmeyer

Rudd

1981

Perception & Psychophysics

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Visual masking, as typically studied in the twotransient paradigm (Matin, 1975), involves suppression of the visibility of one brief stimulus, the target, by another (spatio-jtemporally contiguous brief stimulus, the mask. Recent neurophysiologically based theories of visual masking rely on the existence, in the higher mammalian visual system, of short-latency, fast transient channels which inhibit longer latency, slower sustained channels (for review, see Breitmeyer & Ganz, 1976). In particular, recent theoretical approachesto visual masking, namely, thoseof Breitmeyer & Ganz (1976) and Weisstein, Ozog, and Szoc (1975), make use of this two-channel, transient-sustained distinction. Both approaches share the assumption that the typical Ll-shaped or type B metacontrast function (Kolers, 1962) is a consequence of the inhibition of the slow, target-activated sustained channels by the faster mask-activated transient channels in the target-mask sequence. The two models are similar in the specification of conditions required to activate the transient channels. For Breitmeyer and Ganz's (1976) and Weisstein et aI.'s (1975) model, it is sufficient that the mask activate fast transient channels, although both models acknowledge that either target or mask can and does activate both transient and sustained channels. The activation of transient channels by the target is not regarded as a necessary condition for obtaining metacontrast masking.However, Matin (1975)proposed a model in which activationof spatiotemporalsequence detectors, termed target-mask, or T-M, neurons, are required to produce type B metacontrast functions. In other words, Matin suggests that transient neurons may be a substrate for the T-M sequence detectors and that, in addition to the activation of mask transient neurons (Breitmeyer & Ganz, 1976;Weisstein et al., 1975), activation of target transient neurons is also necessary for producing metacontrast. The present experiment demonstrates that Matin (1975) may have been misled in her theorizing by the prevailing methodological rather than physiological facts.M. E, Rudd's present address:

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Properties of sustained and transient ganglion cells in the cat retina

Cited by 292 publications

References 34 publications

Different Circuits for ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells Cause Different Contrast Sensitivities

Different Circuits for ON and OFF Retinal Ganglion Cells Cause Different Contrast Sensitivities

Discrimination of visually perceived intervals of time

A single-transient masking paradigm

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