“…At the end of 2008, they accounted for approximately 40% of the Chinese gross domestic product (55% of industrial output). Compared to state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and most listed firms, private firms are disadvantaged in terms of securing bank loans (Cull and Xu, ), property rights protection (Du et al ., ), contract enforcement (McMillan and Woodruff, ), and political support (Li et al ., ). Private enterprises vary greatly but are generally smaller than most listed companies and tend to use flexibility to manage the external environment and change (Redding, ; Redding and Witt, ).…”