Prophage and antibiotic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Iran

Rahimi, Forough; Bouzari, Majid; Katouli, Mohammad; Pourshafie, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.1007/s00705-012-1361-4

Cited by 33 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It might be due to higher number of outpatient samples in comparison to inpatient samples in this hospital. In another study in Iran, the prevalence of MRSA isolates was lower than this study (19). Moreover, the reason for the differences in MRSA isolates in different cities and hospitals in Iran could be due to geographical locations, population, method and technical reasons and antibiotic usage in Iran.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

“…Similarly, Fatholahzade et al found that more than 90% of MRSA isolates were resistant to kanamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (16). Also, Rahimi et al showed that more than 90% of MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, kanamycin and erythromycin (19). High usage of penicillin and other antibiotics to treat staphylococcal infections in Iran for many years resulted in high rate of resistance among MRSA isolates in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The differences in phage patterns in these studies could be, in part, due to different geographical locations where these studies were performed. The double lysogenic (SGB and SGF) and the two subtypes (SGFa and SGFb) of prophages have shown to be associated with production of a broad spectrum of virulence factors (4,19). In the current study the ability of the isolates to produce these virulence factors were not investigated, and therefore the pathogenic properties of the isolates associated with this unique pattern can not be fully confirmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The frequency of SGA prophages has shown to be from 1 to 93% in S. aureus isolated from different countries (8,19,21). The present report indicated the frequency of SGA to be 4.4%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This could, in turn, suggest lack of horizontal transfer of resistant genes from other bacterial species to MRSA. Although chloramphenicol is a very effective antibiotic against MRSA isolates in vitro, its prescription is influenced by different side effects, a fact that could explain low resistance frequency (16,17,19 (16,19).…”

Section: Rahimi F Et Al Prophage Typing Of Mrsa Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prophage Typing of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Rahimi

Bouzari

Katouli

et al. 2012

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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This study has highlighted the presence of bacteriophage types among MRSA isolates to show the high potential of these isolates to produce broad spectrum of virulence factors. Background:Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of infections among humans and animals and it is known as a community-acquired and nosocomial pathogen. Most of the isolates contain lysogenic phages which are responsible for production of various virulence factors such as enterotoxins, staphylokinase, β-lysin, lipase, exfoliative toxin A and Pantone-vlaentine leukociden (PVL). All staphylococcus isolates are classified in 6 groups according to their sensitivity to 27 known lysogenic phages. Objectives: This study was performed to detect the presence of bacteriophage types and determine antibiotic resistance pattern of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran from 2008 to 2010. Materials and Methods: A total of 968 S. aureus isolates were collected from a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran and identified at the species level by PCR and biochemical tests. Susceptibility to 17 antibiotics was determined. Then oxacillin and vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the resistant isolates were determined. Multiplex-PCR was used to detect 6 classes of prophages. Results: Out of the 968 isolates 247 isolates were resistant to methicillin. Highest antibiotic resistance was seen to penicillin (100%), erythromycin (89.8%), kanamycin (89.4%), ciprofloxacin (88.6%) and tobramycin (87.4) respectively. None of the MRSA isolates showed resistance to vancomycin, synercid and linezolid. MIC results indicated that 46.1 and 4.4% of isolates with high (MIC ≥ 128 µg/ml) and low level (MIC ≥ 4 µg/ml) showed resistance to oxacillin, respectively. Four different phage types and eight patterns of prophages were detected. All MRSA isolates contained at least one prophage. Totally, 2.8, 69.2 and 27.9% contained 5, 4 and 3 different prophage types, respectively. Conclusions: High prevalence of different classes of prophages indicating the potential to carry a broad spectrum of virulence factors and high oxacillin resistance were found in the MRSA isolates. Detection of SGF phage in 100% of the isolates indicates the ability of these isolates to produce virulence factors.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The frequency of SGA prophages has shown to be from 1 to 93% in S. aureus isolated from different countries (8,19,21). The present report indicated the frequency of SGA to be 4.4%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rahimi F Et Al Prophage Typing Of Mrsa Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prophage Typing of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Rahimi

Bouzari

Katouli

et al. 2012

Jundishapur J Microbiol

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Diverse Phage-Encoded Toxins and Their Role in Bacterial Ecology

Zajdowicz

2022

The Biological Role of a Virus

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Phage Conversion and the Role of Bacteriophage and Host Functions in Regulation of Diphtheria Toxin Production by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Zajdowicz

Holmes

2016

Advances in Environmental Microbiology

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the etiologic agent of diphtheria. Toxinogenic isolates of C. diphtheriae produce diphtheria toxin, a protein that inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible eukaryotic cells, whereas nontoxinogenic isolates of C. diphtheriae do not produce diphtheria toxin. The characteristic local and systemic manifestations of diphtheria are caused by diphtheria toxin. The toxinogenic phenotype of C. diphtheriae is determined by temperate corynephages whose genomes carry the tox gene that encodes diphtheria toxin. Toxinogenesis in C. diphtheriae is a paradigm for phage conversion, defined as a change in the phenotype of a bacterial host resulting from infection by a bacteriophage. In C. diphtheriae, transcription of the phage gene tox is negatively regulated by the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR), a corynebacterial metalloregulatory protein that requires intracellular Fe 2+ as a cofactor under physiological conditions. This repressor is the master global regulator of iron-dependent gene expression in C. diphtheriae, and it controls intracellular iron homeostasis in C. diphtheriae by repressing under high-iron growth conditions and derepressing under low-iron growth conditions the transcription of genes that are essential for function of its multiple iron-acquisition systems. Production of diphtheria toxin by C. diphtheriae, therefore, reflects complex interactions between the tox operon on a corynephage, the bacterial regulatory protein DtxR, and the intracellular Fe 2+ level which controls activity of DtxR and is, in turn, determined both by bioavailability of iron in the extracellular environment and activity of multiple DtxR-regulated systems that contribute to iron assimilation by C. diphtheriae.

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Prophage and antibiotic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Iran

Cited by 33 publications

References 15 publications

Prophage Typing of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Prophage Typing of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Tehran, Iran

Diverse Phage-Encoded Toxins and Their Role in Bacterial Ecology

Phage Conversion and the Role of Bacteriophage and Host Functions in Regulation of Diphtheria Toxin Production by Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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