Prophylactic Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: From the Origin to the Current State

Abstract

Immunization is the most successful method in preventing and controlling infectious diseases, which has helped saving millions of lives worldwide. The discovery of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection being associated with a variety of benign conditions and cancers has driven the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines. Currently, four HPV vaccines are available on the pharmaceutical market: Cervarix, Gardasil, Gardasil-9, and the recently developed Cecolin. Multiple studies have proven the HPV vaccines’ safety and efficacy in preventing HPV-related diseases. Since 2006, when the first HPV vaccine was approved, more than 100 World Health Organization member countries reported the implementation of HPV immunization. However, HPV vaccination dread, concerns about its safety, and associated adverse outcomes have a significant impact on the HPV vaccine implementation campaigns all over the world. Many developed countries have successfully implemented HPV immunization and achieved tremendous progress in preventing HPV-related conditions. However, there are still many countries worldwide which have not created, or have not yet implemented, HPV vaccination campaigns, or have failed due to deficient realization plans associated with establishing successful HPV vaccination programs. Lack of proper HPV information campaigns, negative media reflection, and numerous myths and fake information have led to HPV vaccine rejection in many states. Thus, context-specific health educational interventions on HPV vaccination safety, effectiveness, and benefits are important to increase the vaccines’ acceptance for efficacious prevention of HPV-associated conditions.

Reproductive and Obstetric Outcomes after Fertility-Sparing Treatments for Cervical Cancer: Current Approach and Future Directions

“…The role of high-risk HPV types in the development and progression of cervical cancer is one of the most significant events in global healthcare [ 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ]. It initiated the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines for the prevention of HPV-related conditions, including cervical cancer [ 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ].…”

“…The role of high-risk HPV types in the development and progression of cervical cancer is one of the most significant events in global healthcare [ 101 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 ]. It initiated the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines for the prevention of HPV-related conditions, including cervical cancer [ 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ]. Nowadays, there are four HPV vaccines available for the prevention of HPV infection and HPV-related conditions, including bivalent (Cervarix and Cecolin), quadrivalent (Gardasil), and nonavalent (Gardasil-9) vaccines [ 105 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 ].…”

“…It initiated the development of prophylactic HPV vaccines for the prevention of HPV-related conditions, including cervical cancer [ 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 ]. Nowadays, there are four HPV vaccines available for the prevention of HPV infection and HPV-related conditions, including bivalent (Cervarix and Cecolin), quadrivalent (Gardasil), and nonavalent (Gardasil-9) vaccines [ 105 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 ]. Moreover, a novel 14-valent recombinant vaccine is currently under development [ 108 ].…”

“…All currently available prophylactic HPV vaccines are based on L1 protein virus-like particles (VLP) [ 103 , 105 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 ]. The mechanism of action of HPV vaccines is explained by the induction of neutralizing antibodies, which prevent the viral invasion of the basal membrane [ 105 , 107 , 113 , 114 ].…”

Post-marketing surveillance study of the safety of the HPV-16/18 vaccine in Korea (2017–2021)

“…2 Preventive strategies against HPV infection include the use of HPV vaccines. 14 , 15 In 2008, the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) approved the use of the bivalent HPV-16/18 vaccine (Cervarix, GSK) in South Korea. Later, in 2016, it was included in South Korea’s National Immunization Program for the vaccination of 12-year-old girls in a two-dose schedule.…”