Propofol-nitrous oxide versus thiopental sodium-isoflurane-nitrous oxide for strabismus surgery in children

Combined propofol sedation with sub-Tenon's lidocaine/mercaine infusion for strabismus surgery in adults

“…Similar findings were reported by others for propofol alone or combined with N 2 O or fentanyl and midazolam, thiopentone/halothane, and thiolenthal/halothane. [1][2][3][4]32,33 Although some authors found that propofol (owing to its parasympathetic effects) was associated with more OCR and atrioventricular rhythm disorders than other agents, such as sevoflurane, 3,34 halothane, or ketamine/ midazolam, 3 and a greater need for atropine treatment, 3 in our series, OCR occurred less often in the study than the control group (19 vs 50%), as did bradycardia regarding treatment (0 vs 25%). Hence, the operative time was shorter in the study group because of fewer interruptions.…”

“…Supplemental local anaesthesia was given as necessary. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] 9.3 (8-10) 7.6 (6-9) 0.003 Surgeon satisfaction (scale 1-10) a 9.0 (6-10) 8.0 (6-9) 0.007 EOM, extraocular muscle; PONV, postoperative nausea/vomiting; SD, standard deviation; VAS, Visual Analog Scale. a In the study group, 13 patients (81.3%) had a score of 9-10 and three, with partial airway obstruction and head movement, had a score of 6-8; in the control group, only six patients (37.5%) had a score of 9.…”

“…Today, surgery may be performed with less morbidity compared to the past using general, [1][2][3][4] retrobulbar, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11] or peribulbar anaesthesia, [11][12][13][14] sub-Tenon's anaesthesia, [15][16][17][18][19][20] or combinations of sedation/topical, 21,22 sedation/peribulbar, 23 and sedation/local techniques. 24 General anaesthesia, [1][2][3][4] however, involves more risk of serious cardiac, respiratory, and central nervous system complications. Retrobulbar [6][7][8][9]11,19 and peribulbar 11,13,14,25 anaesthesia may be associated with these same risks from inadvertent injection of the agents into the venous system or central nervous system, as well as with ocular complications, such as globe perforation, retrobulbar haemorrhage, retinal vascular occlusion, optic nerve injury, contralateral amaurosis, and general disorientation.…”

Effect of different anesthetic agents on oculocardiac reflex in pediatric strabismus surgery

“…It has the potency to increase the incidence of bradycardia by a central Values are numbers (%) I, inferior oblique; L, lateral rectus; M, medial rectus; S, superior oblique; K, ketamine; M, midazolam; D, desfl urane; S, sevofl urane; P, propofol; R, remifentanil sympathetic effect and vagal stimulation [14]. It increases the incidence of OCR in pediatric strabismus surgery [15]. Many investigators have used anticholinergic drugs such as atropine or glycopyrrolate to prevent the occurrence of bradycardic reactions due to the OCR during strabismus surgery with propofol anesthesia [16][17][18][19].…”

The incidence of asystole in patients undergoing strabismus surgery

“…Although studies have compared OCR frequencies for propofol and inhalational anaesthetics, such as halothane, 13 isoflurane, 14,15 or sevoflurane, 16,17 and between inhalational anaesthetics such as sevoflurane and halothane, 18 no study has compared the frequency of OCR for enflurane and sevoflurane. Comparisons between enflurane and other anaesthetics are thus required in this context.…”