Propolis attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory responses through intracellular ROS and NO levels along with downregulation of IL‐1β and IL‐6 expressions in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract

Propolis had a wide spectrum of biological activities. In the current study, antioxidative and the immunomodulatory effects of the Polur ethanol extract of propolis (PEEP) in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cells were investigated. Bioactive composition of the PEEP was determined by HPLC analysis. Cells were treated with different concentrations of PEEP and LPS, then cell viability, NO levels, and expression of inflammatory factors were evaluated. HPLC analysis of PEEP indicated the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acid. The PEEP inhibited the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 15 ± 3.2 µg/ml. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO production was significantly reduced by 0.15 µg/ml of PEEP. Additionally, expression of Cox‐2, IL‐1β and IL‐6 significantly decreased. The obtained results supported the PEEP anti‐inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells may be applied via reducing ROS and NO production along with COX‐2, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 expression. Practical applications Propolis is a resinous substance produced by the honeybee that has been adopted as a form of traditional medicine since ancient times. The main compounds found in propolis are typically various and depend on the type of plants and climatic region. In this respect, a wide spectrum of biological activities for propolis has been identified including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti‐inflammatory, as well as antifungal properties. This extraordinary substance is rich in flavonoids and antioxidants. Therefore, it is now widely used in foods and drinks with the claim that it can maintain or improve human health.

Effect of diamond-like carbon doped with chromium on cell differentiation, immune activation and apoptosis

“…Cr in various compounds and forms is known to support potential antimicrobial activity (Bazrafshan et al, 2018;Paez et al, 2013). The DLC layers presented here form a nanotopographic structure, which can be observed by AFM scans and are also hydrophobic (Filova et al, 2017).…”

“…Moreover, the toxicity, including undesirable immune activation and inflammatory responses, always depends on the concentration of the toxic compound. Barlow et al (2017) investigated normal metal ion levels after total hip arthroplasty. The concentration of Cr in the serum of healthy people was lower than 0.26 µg/L.…”

Modulating Laying Hens Productivity and Immune Performance in Response to Oxidative Stress Induced by E. coli Challenge Using Dietary Propolis Supplementation

“…On the other hand, propolis supplementation was reported to improve egg production quantitatively and qualitatively in laying Japanese quail subjected to heat induced oxidative stress [ 34 ]. The improvement in egg production with propolis supplementation may be justified by its antioxidant [ 50 ] and antimicrobial activities [ 51 ]. PR supplementation reported to increase egg production rate and shell weight as well as improve egg quality and feed conversion ratio in laying hen [ 52 ].…”

“…Furthermore, propolis supplementation to non-challenged hens significantly induced T- and B-lymphocytes proliferation. These effects may be mediated by the rich polyphenol content of propolis that helped in relieving ROS accumulation and inflammation to the extent that they, subsequently, activate T-cell proliferation [ 50 ]. These advantages of propolis on immune response can be justified by the capability of propolis and its bioactive compound to reduce inflammation and subsequently enhance immune response [ 35 , 65 , 81 ].…”

Propolis and its potential against SARS-CoV-2 infection mechanisms and COVID-19 disease

“…There is considerable evidence that propolis can reduce and alleviate the symptoms of inflammatory diseases by affecting various metabolic cycles [ [22] , [23] , [24] ]. Recently, several studies have shown that propolis extract and some of its components act against several important targets in the pathophysiological context of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, such as reducing TMPRSS2 expression, and reducing ACE2 anchorage, which would otherwise facilitate entry of the virus into the cell; this is in addition to immunomodulation of monocytes / macrophages (reducing production of and eliminating IL-1 beta and IL-6), reduction of the transcription factors NF-KB and JAK2 / STAT3 and blocking PAK1, which determine inflammatory activities and fibrosis caused by COVID-19 [ [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] ].…”