Propolis - based chitosan varnish: drug delivery, controlled release and antimicrobial activity against oral pathogen bacteria

Abstract

BackgroundDental caries is the most prevalent oral disease in several Asian and Latin American countries. It is an infectious disease and different types of bacteria are involved in the process. Synthetic antimicrobials are used against this disease; however, many of these substances cause unwarranted undesirable effects like vomiting, diarrhea and tooth staining. Propolis, a resinous substance collected by honeybees, has been used to control the oral microbiota. So, the objective of this study was to develop and characterize sustained-release propolis-based chitosan varnish useful on dental cariogenic biofilm prevention, besides the in vitro antimicrobial activity.MethodsThree formulations of propolis - based chitosan varnish (PCV) containing different concentrations (5%, 10% and 15%) were produced by dissolution of propolis with chitosan on hydro-alcoholic vehicle. Bovine teeth were used for testing adhesion of coatings and to observe the controlled release of propolis associated with varnish. It was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, casting time, diffusion test in vitro antimicrobial activity and controlled release. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were tested for the main microorganisms involved in the cariogenic biofilm through the microdilution test in 96-well plates.ResultsThe formulations presented a tooth surface adherence and were able to form films very fast on bovine tooth surface. Also, propolis-based chitosan varnishes have shown antimicrobial activity similar to or better than chlorhexidine varnish against all oral pathogen bacteria. All microorganisms were sensitive to propolis varnish and chitosan. MIC and MBC for microorganisms of cariogenic biofilme showed better results than chlorhexidine. Propolis active components were released for more than one week.ConclusionAll developed formulations turn them, 5%, 10% and 15% propolis content varnish, into products suitable for clinical application on dental caries prevention field, deserving clinical studies to confirm its in vivo activity.

FTIR analysis and quantification of phenols and flavonoids of five commercially available plants extracts used in wound healing

“…A band was found at 1640 cm -1 . This band could be due to stretching vibration of C=C groups [21], due to aromatic ring deformations [23], due to flavonoids and amino acids: stretching vibration of C=O and of C=C, asymmetric bending vibration of N-H [24], due to C=O stretching vibration of caffeic acid and its derivatives [22] and due to stretching vibration of C=O of lipids and flavonoids [20]. The band at 1457 cm -1 could be related to CH 3 , CH 2 , flavonoids and aromatic rings, where the vibrations would be the bending (δ) vibration of C-H and the stretching vibration of aromatics [24] [25].…”

“…Besides the bands previously described, there were other bands encountered. A band at 1701 cm-1, probably related to: stretching vibration of car-boxyl groups [21], stretching of C = O of flavonoids and lipids [23] [24]. A band at 1513 cm -1 , related to aromatic ring deformations [23] and to flavonoids and aromatic rings (stretching of aromatic C=C).…”

“…A band at 1701 cm-1, probably related to: stretching vibration of car-boxyl groups [21], stretching of C = O of flavonoids and lipids [23] [24]. A band at 1513 cm -1 , related to aromatic ring deformations [23] and to flavonoids and aromatic rings (stretching of aromatic C=C). A band at 1410 cm -1 , C=C ring stretching (which occurs in pairs at 1638 cm -1 and at 1409 cm -1 ) [22].…”

“…Bands at 1375 cm -1 and at 1333 cm -1 were non-identified. A band at 1192 cm -1 was non-identified, although bands at 1160s were considered to occur due to lipids and alcohol groups (stretching of C-O and bending of C-OH) [23] [24]. A band at 1136 cm -1 related to tertiary alcohols [20].…”

Cymbopogon citratus essential oil: effect on polymicrobial caries-related biofilm with low cytotoxicity

“…In perspective, it would thus be interesting to develop formulations containing the present essential oil incorporated in a sustained release system that increases the drug exposure time and maintains the effective concentration in the oral cavity. Alternative formulations have been proposed to enhance the antimicrobial action of natural products, including chewing gum, 28 sustained drug release systems 29,30 and denture relining with resilient materials. 31 Figure 3.…”