“…As studies have confirmed, forms of digital scaffolding materials, including notes, references, scripts, extending reading materials and video captions, play a role in language skill development with the increase of learner autonomy. This development is achieved through students’ learning with scaffolding materials in problem-solving (Ahmadi Safa & Rozati, 2017; Chen, 2020), learning planning (Botero et al, 2019), self-monitoring, evaluating, and adjusting (Ge et al, 2016), and extending learning (Cheng & Chiu, 2018). In this autonomous learning process, students acquire new knowledge as their problems are solved (Wood et al, 2006).…”