Proposal for a new classification of plantaris muscle origin and its potential effect on the knee joint

Olewnik, Łukasz; Kurtys, Konrad; Gonera, Bartosz; Podgórski, Michał; Sibiński, Marcin; Polguj, Michał

doi:10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151506

Cited by 39 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Previous studies on the morphological variability of the proximal attachment have led to the proposal of a new sixfold classification of PM origin [21]. The three-headed PM described herein perfectly matches the Type VI class, which includes all rare PM origin types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…In contrast, Srimani et al [30] described a bifurcated PM: one head (lateral) was thicker and arose from the lower part of the lateral supracondylar line deep to the lateral head of the GM, while the other (medial) was smaller and originated from the lower and medial aspect of the oblique popliteal ligament deep to the medial head of the GM. Olewnik et al [21] also described a bifurcated PM. In this case, the lateral head of the PM originated from the lateral head of the GM, and the medial head from the knee joint capsule under the lateral head of the GM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Kwinter et al [14] and Rana et al [26] both described a double PM; however, the former identified it only on the right lower limb, while the latter found it on both sides. In addition, Olewnik et al [21] reported a double PM: the main PM originated on the lateral condyle, knee joint capsule and iliotibial band, and the accessory PM on the iliotibial band; the distal attachment showed fusion with the oblique popliteal ligament and connected with the direct arms of the semimembranosus tendon [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier morphometric measurements focused on muscle belly length, which ranged from 40 to 100 mm [1,2,7]. However, Olewnik et al [21] measured the morphometric measurements of the muscle belly of each type of PM origin and found significant statistical differences between types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A three-headed plantaris muscle: evidence that the plantaris is not a vestigial muscle?

et al. 2020

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The plantaris is a small muscle that typically originates at the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the knee joint capsule, from where it continues distally, forming a long and slender tendon. However, considerable controversy surrounds the status of this seemingly inconspicuous muscle: is it a residual muscle, or one that it is just developing? In addition, both the proximal and distal attachments are highly morphologically variable. These variations can lead to many diseases. Interestingly, the course of the PM tendon is also variable. The present case study presents a new description of a complex origin type and a rare course of the PM tendon. Understanding of the PM and its tendon has clear clinical value and is a significant indicator of the development of interest in this overlooked muscle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A three-headed plantaris muscle: evidence that the plantaris is not a vestigial muscle?

et al. 2020

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“…Anatomical structures tend to vary and can surprise us with their morphological variations [12,26,27]. Such fluctuations are quite common among ligaments, muscles, and their tendons [1,6,7,11,[21][22][23][24][25]. Although scientists know a lot about the morphology of the FCL, it can still present some new features.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case report of a bifurcated fibular (lateral) collateral ligament: which band is the dominant one?

et al. 2021

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Background: The fibular collateral ligament is a permanent and extracapsular ligament of the knee joint. It is located on the lateral aspect of the knee and extends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula. As one of the main knee joint ligaments it is a stabilizer of the posterolateral corner of the knee and resists varus stress. The case report displays the bifurcated variant of the fibular collateral ligament. The aim of this study is to determine which of those bands should be considered dominant. Materials and methods: Classical anatomical dissection was performed on the left knee joint. The fibular collateral ligament was thoroughly cleansed around its origin, distal attachments, and course. Appropriate morphometric measurements were collected. Results: A bifurcated variant of the fibular collateral ligament with inverted proportions of its two bands (main and accessory one) constitutes our findings. It originated on the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Then it divided into two bands (A1 and A2). Band A1 inserted to the head of the fibula. A bony attachment of band A2 was located on the lateral aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia. Conclusions: Although the fibular collateral ligament is a permanent structure it presents morphological variations. It is important to constantly extend morphological knowledge for all scientists concerned in anatomy.

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Quadriceps or multiceps femoris?—Cadaveric study

et al. 2020

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Purpose: The quadriceps femoris (QF) consists of four muscles: the rectus femoris; vastus medialis; vastus lateralis, and vastus intermediate. The tendons of all of these parts join together into a single tendon that attaches to the patella. The QF is a powerful extensor of the knee joint that is needed for walking. A growing number of publications have examined the fifth head of the QF muscle. There is no information about the possibility of other heads, and there is no correct classification of their proximal attachments. Further, the frequency of occurrence of additional heads/components of the QF remains unclear. Methods: One hundred and six lower limbs (34 male and 18 female) fixed in 10% formalin solution were examined. Results: Additional heads of the QF were present in 64.1% of the limbs. Three main types were identified and included subtypes. The most common was Type I (44.1%), which had an independent fifth head. This type was divided into two subtypes (A-B) depending on its location relative to the vastus intermediate. The second most common type was Type II (30.8%), which originated from other muscles: IIA from the vastus lateralis; IIB from the vastus intermediate, and IIC from the gluteus minimus. In addition, Type III (25%) was characterized by multiple heads: IIIA-two heads with a single common tendon; IIIB-two heads with two separate tendons; IIIC-three heads (lateral, intermediate, medial), and IIID-four heads (bifurcated lateral and bifurcated medial). Conclusion: The introduction of a new classification based on a proximal attachment is necessary. The presence of the fifth, sixth, seventh, or eighth head varies.

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Proposal for a new classification of plantaris muscle origin and its potential effect on the knee joint

Cited by 39 publications

References 33 publications

A three-headed plantaris muscle: evidence that the plantaris is not a vestigial muscle?

A three-headed plantaris muscle: evidence that the plantaris is not a vestigial muscle?

Case report of a bifurcated fibular (lateral) collateral ligament: which band is the dominant one?

Quadriceps or multiceps femoris?—Cadaveric study

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