Proposed design of distributed macroalgal biorefineries: thermodynamics, bioconversion technology, and sustainability implications for developing economies

Abstract

Biomass to fuel programs are under research and development worldwide. The largest biomass programs are underway in industrialized countries. In the coming decades, however, developing countries will be responsible for the major increase in transportation fuel demand. Although the lack of existing large‐scale infrastructure and primary resources preclude oil refining in developing countries, this provides an opportunity for the rapid implementation of small‐scale distributed biorefineries to serve multiple communities locally. The principles for biorefinery design, however, are still in their infancy. This review sets a precedent in combining thermodynamic, metabolic, and sustainability analyses for biorefinery design. We exemplify this approach through the design and optimization of a marine biorefinery for an average town in rural India. In this combined model, we include sustainability and legislation factors, intensive macro algae Ulva farming, and metabolic modeling of the biological two‐step conversion of Ulva feedstock by a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and then by a bacterium (Escherichia coli), into bioethanol. We hope that the model presented here will be useful in considering practical aspects of biorefinery design. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Macroalgae-Derived Biofuel: A Review of Methods of Energy Extraction from Seaweed Biomass

“…However, some of the sugars produced from the breakdown of seaweed polysaccharides such as xylose and rhamnose are poorly utilised by yeast, such Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The lack of "tractable microorganisms" that can efficiently convert the monosaccharides derived from seaweed into ethanol is considered one of the major limitations of macroalgae as a bioethanol feedstock [139,140].…”

Entrance-length dendritic plate heat exchangers

“…Advances are published regularly for heat exchangers [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], fuel cells [14], fluid networks [15][16][17][18][19][20], steam generators [21,22], fluid channels [23][24][25][26][27], energy storage [28], transportation [29][30][31][32], power generation [33][34][35][36][37], and management [38].…”

Modeling of smart mixing regimes to improve marine biorefinery productivity and energy efficiency

“…In order to maximize the total useful energy received in the form of a biofuel (W u ), it is necessary to minimize the energy losses. Previously, we derived the equations for the optimum size, capacity and efficiency of a local biorefinery without taking into account possible improvements in the energy losses during photosynthesis [12]. The maximum efficiency of a local biorefinery is:…”