Proposed reference irradiance spectra for solar energy systems testing

Gueymard, Christian A.; Myers, D.; Emery, Keith

doi:10.1016/s0038-092x(03)00005-7

Cited by 522 publications

(296 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Specifically, we sought to combine this earth-abundant CO 2 catalyst with an appropriate light absorber that could subsequently transfer a high-energy electron to the nickel center. An iridium photosensitizer supported by fac-tris(phenylpyridine), Ir(ppy) 3 , was selected owing to its ability to absorb solar photons in the visible region 92,93 ( Figure S6) and potentially large driving force for the subsequent reduction of the nickel catalyst. 105,106 A series of experiments were conducted to test the viability of using catalyst 1c combined with the visible-light absorber Ir(ppy) 3 and a sacrificial reductant, triethylamine (TEA), in a photoredox cycle for CO 2 reduction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Selective Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide by a Nickel N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Isoquinoline Complex

et al. 2013

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ABSTRACT:The solar-driven reduction of carbon dioxide to value-added chemical fuels is a longstanding challenge in the fields of catalysis, energy science, and green chemistry. In order to develop effective CO 2 fixation, several key considerations must be balanced, including: (1) catalyst selectivity for promoting CO 2 reduction over competing hydrogen generation from proton reduction, (2) visible-light harvesting that matches the solar spectrum, and (3) the use of cheap and earth-abundant catalytic components. In this report, we present the synthesis and characterization of a new family of earthabundant nickel complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene-amine ligands that exhibit high selectivity and activity for the electrocatalytic and photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to CO. Systematic changes in the carbene and amine donors of the ligand have been surveyed, and [Ni( Pr bimiq1)] 2+ (where Pr bimiq1 = bis(3-(imidazolyl)isoquinolinyl)propane, 1c) emerges as a catalyst for electrochemical reduction of CO 2 with the lowest cathodic onset potential (E cat = −1.2 V vs. SCE). Using this earthabundant catalyst with Ir(ppy) 3 (where ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) and an electron donor, we have developed a visible-light photoredox system for the catalytic conversion of CO 2 to CO that proceeds with high selectivity and activity and achieves turnover numbers and turnover frequencies reaching 98,000 and 3.9 s -1 , respectively. Further studies reveal that the overall efficiency of this solar-to-fuel cycle may be limited by the formation of the active Ni catalyst and/or the chemical reduction of CO 2 to CO at the reduced nickel center and provide a starting point for improved photoredox systems for sustainable carbon-neutral energy conversion. 3 IntroductionThe search for sustainable resources has attracted broad interest in the potential use of carbon dioxide as a feedstock for fuels and fine chemicals. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In this context, the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 is an attractive route that can take advantage of the renewable and abundant energy of the sun for longterm CO 2 utilization, 6,11-13 with the eventual target of coupling the reductive half-reaction of CO 2 fixation with a matched oxidative half-reaction such as water oxidation to achieve a carbon-neutral artificial photosynthesis cycle. 14-21 Before this ultimate goal can be realized, however, a host of basic scientific challenges must be addressed, including developing systems that balance selectivity, efficiency, and cost. With regard to selectivity, it is critical to minimize the competitive reduction of water to hydrogen that is typically kinetically favored over CO 2 reduction, as well as selectively convert CO 2 to one carbon product. 22,23 Another primary consideration is the use of visible-light excitation, which more effectively harvests the solar spectrum and avoids deleterious high-energy photochemical pathways. Semiconductors such as TiO 2 and SiC have been widely employed as heterogeneous catalysts for photochemical and photoe...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Selective Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide by a Nickel N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Isoquinoline Complex

et al. 2013

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“…In a BHJ OSC, the active layer is a complex diffusive interface between the two materials in the form of a 'bicontinuous interpenetrating network' to maximize the available interface surface area ( Figure 5). It has a nanoscale interpenetrating network with donor-acceptor phase separation in a length scale of [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] nm, which means each interface is within a distance lesser than the exciton diffusion length from the absorbing sites [22,23]. This interesting result shows that one can effectively maximize the exciton dissociation by using a BHJ active layer structure.…”

Section: Bulk Heterojunction (Bhj)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P in is the incident power density which is standardized at 1000 W/m 2 with a spectral intensity matching that of the sun on the earth's surface at an incident angle of 48.19° (AM 1.5) [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designs and Architectures for the Next Generation of Organic Solar Cells

et al. 2010

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Organic solar cells show great promise as an economically and environmentally friendly technology to utilize solar energy because of their simple fabrication processes and minimal material usage. However, new innovations and breakthroughs are needed for organic solar cell technology to become competitive in the future. This article reviews research efforts and accomplishments focusing on three issues: power conversion efficiency, device stability and processability for mass production, followed by an outlook for optimizing OSC performance through device engineering and new architecture designs to realize next generation organic solar cells.

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“…The aerosol optical depth of 0Á27 at 500 nm corresponded to a sea-level visibility (meteorological [visual] range) of 25 km. [35][36][37][38] The E891 and E892 standards were combined into a single standard (G159) in 1996 without changing the data. The E892/G159 reference spectrum gives a very good indication of the outdoor performance of flat-plate silicon modules.…”

Section: Reference Spectramentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of theoretical efficiencies of multi‐junction concentrator solar cells

Kurtz

Myers

McMahon

et al. 2008

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Champion concentrator cell efficiencies have surpassed 40% and now many are asking whether the efficiencies will surpass 50%. Theoretical efficiencies of >60% are described for many approaches, but there is often confusion about ''the'' theoretical efficiency for a specific structure. The detailed balance approach to calculating theoretical efficiency gives an upper bound that can be independent of material parameters and device design. Other models predict efficiencies that are closer to those that have been achieved. Changing reference spectra and the choice of concentration further complicate comparison of theoretical efficiencies. This paper provides a side-by-side comparison of theoretical efficiencies of multijunction solar cells calculated with the detailed balance approach and a common one-dimensional-transport model for different spectral and irradiance conditions. Also, historical experimental champion efficiencies are compared with the theoretical efficiencies. Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTIONAs the world's interest in renewable energy has increased, the investment in solar has also grown. New approaches to achieving high efficiencies have been proposed by numerous groups. Sometimes these new approaches are described as having a theoretical efficiency >60%. Will these new cells be superior to today's cells, which have now surpassed 40%? 1 Predicting the answer to this question requires two steps: (1) when comparing the theoretical efficiencies of existing and new approaches, the same methodology must be used for both, and (2) an assessment should be made of how close the experimental efficiency may, ultimately, approach the theoretical efficiency for each case. The first step is obvious, but is often neglected, resulting in comparison of numbers that were derived in different ways. When making such comparisons, the choice of the methodology is much less important than the consistency of the methodology. The second step is aided by a review of the efficiencies that have been achieved so far.Over the years, many studies have presented theoretical multi-junction solar cell efficiencies as a function of the materials' band gaps. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] In general, no two studies use exactly the same assumptions, resulting in a range of theoretical efficiencies. The efficiencies are especially dependent on the conditions (spectrum, concentration, and temperature). Concentrating the sunlight to the maximum value ($46 000 suns) results in theoretical efficiencies 10-20% (absolute) higher than the corresponding one-sun efficiencies. 4 Changing the spectrum has a smaller effect (typically 1-4% absolute). 17 The choice of the theoretical model, or assumptions used in the model, also affects the calculated efficiency. Marti et al. compared two of the most common models. 18 They defined a ''standard'' model using Shockley's diode equation, modeling a one-dimensional p-n junction with appropriate values for surface recombination, layer thicknesses, etc. They co...

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Proposed reference irradiance spectra for solar energy systems testing

Cited by 522 publications

References 39 publications

Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Selective Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide by a Nickel N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Isoquinoline Complex

Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis: Selective Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Monoxide by a Nickel N-Heterocyclic Carbene–Isoquinoline Complex

Designs and Architectures for the Next Generation of Organic Solar Cells

A comparison of theoretical efficiencies of multi‐junction concentrator solar cells

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