Proposed Tandem Effect of Physical Activity and Sirtuin 1 and 3 Activation in Regulating Glucose Homeostasis

Abstract

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are seven nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent protein deacetylases enzymes (SIRT1–7) that play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Among those, the most studied are SIRT1 and SIRT3, a nuclear SIRT and a mitochondrial SIRT, respectively, which significantly impact with an increase in mammals’ lifespan by modulating metabolic cellular processes. Particularly, when activated, both SIRT1 and 3 enhance pancreatic β-cells’ insulin release and reduce inflammation and oxidative stress pancreatic damage, maintaining then glucose homeostasis. Therefore, SIRT1 and 3 activators have been proposed to prevent and counteract metabolic age-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Physical activity (PA) has a well-established beneficial effect on phenotypes of aging like β-cell dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Recent experimental and clinical evidence reports that PA increases the expression levels of both SIRT1 and 3, suggesting that PA may exert its healthy contribute even by activating SIRTs. Therefore, in the present article, we discuss the role of SIRT1, SIRT3, and PA on β-cell function and on diabetes. We also discuss the possible interaction between PA and activation of SIRTs as a possible therapeutic strategy to maintain glucose hemostasis and to prevent T2DM and its complications, especially in the elderly population.

Decreased insulin resistance in diabetic patients by influencing Sirtuin1 and Fetuin-A following supplementation with ellagic acid: a randomized controlled trial

“…SIRT1 deacetylates lysine 310 of RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kB, an important subunit for for activation of transcription of proinflammatory genes, triggers inflammatory processes.This NF-kB signaling pathway is the prototypical one involved in inflammation [ 27 , 28 ]. In this way, it can be said that by affecting the secretion of this enzyme, it can help treat diabetic patients by reducing insulin resistance [ 7 , 29 ]. Janda et al showed that serum Fetuin-A levels were associated with blood sugar deposition in the arteries and that Fetuin-A had been shown to affect the AGE/RAGE pathway in the presence of inflammatory molecules [ 30 ].…”

Tyrosol May Prevent Obesity by Inhibiting Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes

“…Since all the mechanisms previously described, especially Sirt1 and PPAR γ -mediated pathways, are strongly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in metabolic diseases [ 54 ], we evaluated markers of these processes in preadipocytes after TR treatment. The reduction of TNF α , which is a proinflammatory cytokine [ 55 ], is in line with other studies demonstrating the anti-inflammatory role of TR mediated at different levels, including COX-2 expression [ 56 ].…”

The Effect of Repeated Whole-Body Cryotherapy on Sirt1 and Sirt3 Concentrations and Oxidative Status in Older and Young Men Performing Different Levels of Physical Activity

“…The treatments were performed in the early afternoon, in 2 trials, in the fall–winter period (October–March), with the exception of 24 December–6 January. Due to the influence of antioxidant components of diet and physical activity on the level of the analysed biochemical markers [ 38 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ], the subjects were asked not to change their eating or physical activity habits during the whole study period.…”