“…The students even refer to the difficulty in distinguishing between class and object. They generally assimilate class as a collection of objects, rather than an abstraction (Benander et al, 2004;Biddle & Tempero, 1998;Gorschek et al, 2010;Hadar, 2013;Hubwieser & Mühling, 2011;Karahasanović et al, 2007;Lewis et al, 2004;Moons & De Backer, 2009;Moussa et al, 2016;Musil & Richta, 2017;Nelson et al, 1997;Rajashekharaiah et al, 2016;Sajaniemi et al, 2007;Sanders et al, 2008;Sheetz, 2002;Sheetz et al, 1997, Sien, 2011, Sien & Chong, 2011, Tegarden & Sheetz, 2001, Thomasson et al, 2006Xinogalos, 2015;J. Yang et al, 2018).…”