Propriospinal neurons in the C1-C2 spinal segments project to the L5-S1 segments of the rat spinal cord

Miller, Kenneth E.; Douglas, V.D.; Richards, Alice B.; Chandler, Margaret J.; Foreman, Robert D.

doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00065-3

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…It should also be noted that the C1-C2 segments are also considered a source of important propriospinal regulation of visceral sensory processing in more caudal spinal segments. 7,13,34,39,40,41,43 However, this pathway does not appear to play a key role because transection of the C7-C8 dorsal columns, but not application of ibotenic acid to the C1-C2 segments markedly attenuated the effects of SCS on lumbosacral spinal neurons. 43 Thus, it is suggested that the stimulation of the dorsal columns rather than spinal neurons at C1-C2 segments modulated the activity of T3 spinal neurons receiving cardiac and esophageal inputs.…”

Section: Effects Of C1-c2 Scsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromodulation of Thoracic Intraspinal Visceroreceptive Transmission by Electrical Stimulation of Spinal Dorsal Column and Somatic Afferents in Rats

Qin¹,

Farber²,

Linderoth³

et al. 2008

The Journal of Pain

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Clinical studies have shown that neuromodulation therapies, such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), reduce symptoms of chronic neuropathic and visceral pain. The neural mechanisms underlying SCS and TENS therapy are poorly understood. The present study was designed to compare the effects of SCS and TENS on spinal neuronal responses to noxious stimuli applied to the heart and esophagus. Direct stimulation of an intercostal nerve (ICNS) was used to simulate the effects of TENS. Extracellular potentials of left thoracic (T3) spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated male rats. SCS (50 Hz, 0.2 ms, 3-5 min) at a clinical relevant intensity (90% of motor threshold) was applied on the C1-C2 or C8-T1 ipsilateral spinal segments. Intercostal nerve stimulation (ICNS) at T3 spinal level was performed using the same parameters as SCS. Intrapericardial injection of bradykinin (IB, 10 μg/ml, 0.2 ml, 1 min) was employed as the noxious cardiac stimulus. Noxious thoracic esophageal distension (ED, 0.4 ml, 20 s) was produced by water inflation of a latex balloon. C1-C2 SCS suppressed excitatory responses of 16/22 T3 spinal neurons to IB and 25/30 neurons to ED. C8-T1 SCS suppressed excitatory responses of 10/15 spinal neurons to IB and 17/23 neurons to ED. ICNS suppressed excitatory responses of 9/12 spinal neurons to IB and 17/22 neurons to ED. These data showed that SCS and ICNS modulated excitatory responses of T3 spinal neurons to noxious stimulation of the heart and esophagus.Perspective: Neuromodulation of noxious cardiac and esophageal inputs onto thoracic spinal neurons by spinal cord and intercostal nerves stimulation observed in the present study may help account for therapeutic effects on thoracic visceral pain by activating the spinal dorsal column or somatic afferents.

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Section: Effects Of C1-c2 Scsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromodulation of Thoracic Intraspinal Visceroreceptive Transmission by Electrical Stimulation of Spinal Dorsal Column and Somatic Afferents in Rats

Qin¹,

Farber²,

Linderoth³

et al. 2008

The Journal of Pain

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“…Neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies show that cell bodies of upper cervical propriospinal neurons have projections to the caudal spinal cord of monkeys (Burton and Loewy 1976), cats (Matsushita et al 1979;Yezierski et al 1980), and rats (Menetrey et al 1985;Miller et al 1998). Chemical and electrical activation of cell bodies in C1-C2 segments generally suppress responses of thoracic spinal neurons to noxious cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal stimuli and to splanchnic nerve stimulation in rats (Poree and Schramm, 1992;Qin et al 2004;.…”

Section: Effects Of C1-c2 Scsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord stimulation modulates intraspinal colorectal visceroreceptive transmission in rats

Qin

Lehew

Khan

et al. 2007

Neuroscience Research

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Previous studies have shown that spinal cord stimulation (SCS) of upper lumbar segments decreases visceromotor responses to mechanical stimuli in a sensitized rat colon and reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in patients. SCS applied to the upper cervical spinal dorsal column reduces pain of chronic refractory angina. Further, chemical stimulation of C1-C2 propriospinal neurons in rats modulates the responses of lumbosacral spinal neurons to colorectal distension. The present study was designed to compare the effects of upper cervical and lumbar SCS on activity of lumbosacral neurons receiving noxious colorectal input. Extracellular potentials of L6-S2 spinal neurons were recorded in pentobarbital anesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated male rats. SCS (50 Hz, 0.2 ms) at low intensity (90% of motor threshold) was applied to the dorsal column of upper cervical (C1-C2) or upper lumbar (L2-L3) ipsilateral spinal segments. Colorectal distension (CRD, 20, 40, 60 mmHg, 20 s) was produced by air inflation of a latex balloon. Results showed that SCS applied to L2-L3 and C1-C2 segments significantly reduced the excitatory responses to noxious CRD from 417.6±68.0 imp to 296.3±53.6 imp (P<0.05, n=24) and from 336.2±64.5 imp to 225.0±73.3 imp (P<0.05, n= 18), respectively. Effects of L2-L3 and C1-C2 SCS lasted 10.2±1.9 min and 8.0 ±0.9 min after offset of CRD. Effects of SCS were observed on spinal neurons with either high or low threshold excitatory responses to CRD. However, L2-L3 or C1-C2 SCS did not significantly affect inhibitory neuronal responses to CRD. C1-C2 SCS-induced effects were abolished by cutting the C7-C8 dorsal column but not by spinal transection at cervicomedullary junction. These data demonstrated that upper cervical or lumbar SCS modulated responses of lumbosacral spinal neurons to noxious mechanical stimulation of the colon, thereby, proved two loci for a potential therapeutic effect of SCS in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and other colonic disorders.

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“…A number of authors have proposed that long propriospinal axons are likely candidates for the functional coupling of the cervical and lumbar CPG networks and the mediation of interlimb coordination (Miller et al, 1973(Miller et al, , 1975 English et al, 1985, Cazalets andBertrand, 2000;Juvin et al, 2005). This category of neuron has previously been described in the spinal cord of the rat, cat, and monkey (Matsushita et al, 1979;Menetrey et al, 1985;Verburgh et al, 1989;Matsushita 1998;Miller et al, 1998).In the cat, a subgroup of long ascending propriospinal fibers in the ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) projects to a confined ventral portion of the C8 and T1 lateral motoneuronal cell groups, thus implying a direct influence on forelimb motor control (Sterling and Kuypers, 1968;Giovanelli and Kuypers, 1969). Descending axons in the VLF are part of an important (but not solitary) command pathway for the initiation of locomotor-related hindlimb or locomotor-like rhythmic activity (Steeves and Jordan 1980;Yamaguchi, 1986;Garcia-Rill and Skinner, 1987;Noga et al, 1991;Shik, 1997), and lesions of the mid-thoracic ventral or ventrolateral white matter induces deficits in forelimb-hindlimb coordination that persist long after the recovery of gross locomotor and postural deficits (Brustein and Rossignol, 1998).…”

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confidence: 93%

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Inter-enlargement pathways in the ventrolateral funiculus of the adult rat spinal cord

et al. 2006

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The ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) in the spinal cord contains important ascending and descending pathways related to locomotion and interlimb coordination. The primary purpose of this descriptive study was to investigate the distribution of inter-enlargement pathways in the adult rat spinal cord with an emphasis on the VLF.We made discrete unilateral injections of Fluoro-Gold (FG) into the right VLF at T9, and either unilateral or bilateral injections of Fluoro-Ruby (FR) into the intermediate gray matter at the C5-6, C7-8, or L2 segmental levels. Inter-enlargement neurons with ascending axons in the right VLF were found bilaterally in laminae VII and VIII throughout the rostral lumbar spinal cord (L1-L3) and predominately contralaterally in the caudal lumbosacral (L4-S1) spinal cord. Following left unilateral FR injections at C5-6 or C7-8 and right unilateral VLF injections of FG at T9, very few double-labeled neurons could be found anywhere in the lumbar spinal cord. Similar injections of FR at L2 revealed an almost symmetrical bilateral distribution of double-labeled neurons throughout the cervical spinal cord (C1-C8).These results describe ascending and descending pathways within the spinal cord that interconnect the two enlargements and involve both commissural and ipsilateral interneurons. The majority of inter-enlargement neurons had axons within the ventrolateral funiculus at T9. These observations support the hypothesis that the VLF contains long ascending and descending axons with propriospinal inter-enlargement, commissural and ipsilateral connections that are anatomically well-suited to mediate interlimb coordination. Keywordspropriospinal pathways; interlimb coordination; Fluoro-Gold; Fluoro-Ruby There is renewed interest of late in propriospinal pathways due in part to reports of the spontaneous formation of new functional intraspinal circuitry following spinal cord injury (Bareyre et al., 2004) and the potential these pathways have in combinatorial repair strategies involving cellular transplantation and neurotrophin delivery (Jordan and Schmidt, 2002;Conta and Stelzner, 2004;Fouad et al., 2005). While many regions of the spinal cord possess the neural circuitry necessary to produce rhythmic activity, in the mammalian quadruped, separate central pattern generator (CPG) networks are thought to exist for the hindlimbs and forelimbs (Cazalets et al., 1995(Cazalets et al., , 1996Magnuson and Trinder, 1997; Correspondence to: David S.K. Magnuson, PhD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 210 E. Grey St., Ste. 1102, Louisville, KY 40202, dsmagn01@louisville.edu, Phone (502) 852-6551, Fax (502) Magnuson et al., 1999;Ballion et al., 2001;Juvin et al., 2005). In the rat, intraspinal Kainic Acid injections have profound effects on locomotor function when delivered to the intermediate gray matter at L2 (Magnuson et al., 1999) and locomotor deficits resulting from moderately-severe contusion injuries are greater when the contusion is centered on the m...

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Propriospinal neurons in the C1-C2 spinal segments project to the L5-S1 segments of the rat spinal cord

Cited by 45 publications

References 26 publications

Neuromodulation of Thoracic Intraspinal Visceroreceptive Transmission by Electrical Stimulation of Spinal Dorsal Column and Somatic Afferents in Rats

Neuromodulation of Thoracic Intraspinal Visceroreceptive Transmission by Electrical Stimulation of Spinal Dorsal Column and Somatic Afferents in Rats

Spinal cord stimulation modulates intraspinal colorectal visceroreceptive transmission in rats

Inter-enlargement pathways in the ventrolateral funiculus of the adult rat spinal cord

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