Prosocial behaviour in avatar‐mediated interaction: the influence of character gender on material versus emotional help‐giving

Abstract

Purpose-Research on prosocial behaviour shows that help-giving differs between the sexes. Gender role theory posits that males specialise in material aid, while females specialize in emotional support. Today, people increasingly help and support each other via online environments. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the genders of avatars used in online interactions influence help-giving behaviour in similar ways as physical sex does in face-to-face situations. Design/methodology/approach-An empirical study was conducted using a unique observational data set from a Japanese massively-multiplayer online game. Instances of help-giving were identified from conversation logs, coded, and analysed statistically to discover differences between male and female avatars and different help types. Findings-Avatar gender is found to influence help-giving in ways that deviate from expected gender roles: female avatars are more likely than males to provide assistance in the form of material support and labour, and no more likely than males to provide emotional support. Female avatars are more likely to give help to male avatars than other females. The results are explained using behavioural confirmation and self-perception theory. Research limitations/implications-Physical sex was not controlled for, but most players were male. The study should be repeated in other environments. Practical implications-The results suggest that designers can prime users towards prosocial behaviours by tuning the available line-up of avatars. Originality/value-The research question and use of observational data are novel. The study is valuable to online educators, companies seeking to reduce customer support costs through peer help, and policymakers dealing with ICTs and societal change.

Avatar as Second Suit: Power and Participation in Virtual Work

“…Detached users claimed not to care about their avatar's appearance, and/or marked that they could not customize it themselves (nor bothered to learn how to), and that it did not matter as the people they interacted with knew who they were (behind the screen). Avatar gender and race, which earlier research has shown is an important issue for many users was thus not anything that the users interviewed here discussed or was mentioned in any guidelines from the employers (Angerer, 1999;Banakou & Chorianopoulos, 2010;Ducheneaut et al, 2009;Dumitrica & Gaden, 2009;Dunn & Guadagno, 2012;Groom et al, 2009;Lehdonvirta et al, 2011;Lehdonvirta et al, 2012;Schrier, 2012;Sundén, 2003;Sundén & Svenningson, 2012;Vang & Fox, 2014;Yee et al, 2011).…”

Women Keep it Real: Avatar Gender Choice inLeague of Legends

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