Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study

Roberts, Robert E.; Deleger, Stéphane; Strawbridge, William J.; Kaplan, George A.

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802204

Cited by 576 publications

(450 citation statements)

References 37 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

387

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…38 A recent study showed that depressed adolescents were at increased risk of obesity in a 1-year follow-up. 14 This study gives the assumption, similarly to Roberts et al, 15,17,18 that obesity predicts later depression. A thin and beautiful body is idealized among adolescents, especially among girls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…One of the few follow-up studies with prospectively collected data found that obesity predicted depression in a 1-year followup, when other variables were controlled. 15 Roberts et al 17 found in a two-wave, 5-year observational study of 2123 subjects 50 years and older from the Alameda County Study data, that obesity at baseline was associated with increased risk of depression 5 years later, and that depression did not increase the risk of future obesity. Another recent study investigating the association between obesity and eight indicators of mental health using community residents 50 years and older showed that obese subjects were at increased risk for depression 5 years later.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To examine the association between body size and depression in a longitudinal setting and to explore the connection between obesity and depression in young adults at the age of 31 years. Design: This study forms part of the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study (N ¼ 12 058). The follow-up studies were performed at 14 and 31 years. Data were collected by postal inquiry at 14 years and by postal inquiry and clinical examination at 31 years. Subjects: A total of 8451 subjects (4029 men and 4422 women) who gave a written informed consent and information on depression by three depression indicators at 31 years. Measurements: Body size at 14 (body mass index (BMI) and 31 (BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) years and depression at 31 years by three different ways: depressive symptoms by the HSCL-25-depression questionnaire (HSCL-25), the use of antidepressants and self-reported physician-diagnosed depression. Results: Obesity at 14 years associated with depressive symptoms at 31 years; among male subjects using the cutoff point 2.01 in the HSCL-25 (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.97, 95% CI 1.06-3.68), among female subjects using the cutoff point 1.75 (adjusted OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16-2.32). Female subjects who were obese both at baseline and follow-up had depressive symptoms relatively commonly (adjusted OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.06-1.85 at cutoff point 1.75); a similar association was not found among male subjects. The proportion of those who used antidepressants was 2.17-fold higher among female subjects who had gained weight compared to female subjects who had stayed normal-weighted (adjusted OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.28-3.68). In the crosssectional analyses male subjects with abdominal obesity (WHR X85th percentile) had a 1.76-fold risk of depressive symptoms using the cutoff 2.01 in the HSCL-25 (adjusted OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.08-2.88). Abdominally obese male subjects had a 2.07-fold risk for physician-diagnosed depression (adjusted OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.23-3.47) and the proportion of those who used antidepressants was 2.63-fold higher among obese male subjects than among male subjects without abdominal obesity (adjusted OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.33-5.21). Abdominal obesity did not associate with depression in female subjects. Conclusion: Obesity in adolescence may be associated with later depression in young adulthood, abdominal obesity among male subjects may be closely related to concomitant depression, and being overweight/obese both in adolescence and adulthood may be a risk for depression among female subjects.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1,2 Earlier studies failed to detect significant associations between the two disorders [3][4][5] while more recent studies have reported a relation between obesity and depression in some samples. 6,7 Literature reviews 1,8 note that discrepant findings probably reflect the demographic heterogeneity of samples across previously studied and the lack of population-based samples. The lack of population-based studies is especially problematic for investigating potential ethnic differences in the association between depression and obesity given the ethnic disparities of obesity in the US.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: Sustained depressive mood is a gateway symptom for a major depressive disorder. This paper investigated whether the association between depressive mood and obesity differs as function of sex, age, and race in US adults after controlling for socio-economic variables of martial status, employment status, income level and education level. Methods: A total of 44 800 nationally representative respondents from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey were studied. Respondents were classified as having experienced a depressive mood if they felt sad, blue, or depressed at least for 1 week in the previous month. The depressive mood was operationalized in terms of duration and sustenance, both defined based on number of days with depressive mood: 7 þ and 14 þ days. Age groups were classified as young (18-64 years) and old (65 þ years). Obesity status was classified as: not overweight/obese (BMIo25); overweight (25pBMIo30); obese (BMIX30). Results: Prevalence of prior-month depressive mood was 14.3 and 7.8% for 7 þ and 14 þ days, respectively. Controlling for race and socio-economic variables, both young overweight and obese women were significantly more likely to have experienced depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese women. Young overweight, but not obese, men were significantly more likely to have experienced depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese men. Young obese women were also significantly more likely to have a sustained depressive mood than nonoverweight/nonobese women. For old respondents, depressive mood and its sustenance were not associated with obesity in either sex. Discussion: The relationship between the depressive mood and obesity is dependent upon gender, age, and race. Young obese women, Hispanics in particular, are much more prone to depressive mood than nonobese women. Future studies testing associations between depression and obesity should be sensitive to the influence of these demographic and socio-economic variables.

show abstract

“…15 On the other hand, in the Great Smoky Mountain Study, chronically obese girls assessed over an 8-year period were at increased risk of oppositional defiant disorder but not anxiety or depressive disorder; however, outcomes were assessed in adolescence. 16 Evidence that obesity may be implicated in the etiology of clinical depression in women is based on prospective data drawn from adults over age 50 in the Alameda County Study: 17 baseline obesity (BMI X30) significantly increased the odds of incident DSM-IV major depression by 79% 5 years later after adjustment for potential confounders that included measures of status attributes, personal and social resources and stressors. Because that association did not differ significantly across gender, however, separate odds were not given for men and women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study

et al. 2007

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To evaluate prospective associations between elevations in body mass index (BMI) at average age 27 and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) at average age 59 in a community sample of women. Design: Three waves of data collected over three decades were drawn from mothers in the Children in the Community (CIC) Study. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate predictive effects of two BMI cutpoints (X30 and X25) on GAD and MDD independent of other risks for psychopathology. Measurements: Information about height and weight was obtained by self-report in face-to-face interviews. GAD and MDD were assessed by structured interview covering DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. Other potential risk factors examined included age, race, education, prior depressive symptoms and marital status, chronic disease, social support and financial strain concurrent with GAD and MDD. Results: A baseline BMI X30 significantly increased the odds for subsequent GAD and MDD by 6.27 and 5.25 times, respectively, after adjusting for other significant risk factors. Odds of GAD also increased significantly given a baseline BMI X25 (by 2.44 times); however this association was not independent of other significant risk factors. Predictive associations between a baseline BMI X30 and MDD were not attenuated by attained BMI assessed at outcome. Conclusion: Findings extend existing evidence of the mental health consequences of obesity in a representative sample of mothers, and suggest that obesity may have long-term implications for mental distress in women at a clinical level over the adult years.

show abstract

Prospective association between obesity and depression: evidence from the Alameda County Study

Cited by 576 publications

References 37 publications

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

Obesity and depression: results from the longitudinal Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study

Depressive mood and obesity in US adults: comparison and moderation by sex, age, and race

Obesity and psychopathology in women: a three decade prospective study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About