Prospective cognitions in anxiety and depression: Replication and methodological extension

Stöber, Joachim

doi:10.1080/02699930050117693

Cited by 118 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Furthermore, there is evidence that people with a long-term tendency towards (trait) anxiety and/or current (state) anxiety (Q4) judge ambiguous stimuli as more likely to be negative, while people in states of sadness or depression (Q3) judge them as less likely to be positive in line with predictions outlined above (e.g. MacLeod et al 1997;Stober 2000;MacLeod & Salaminiou 2001). There is also evidence that people in positive moods show optimistic forms of these so-called 'cognitive biases' (e.g.…”

Section: Integrating Discrete and Dimensional Approachessupporting

confidence: 61%

An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood

2010

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A better understanding of animal emotion is an important goal in disciplines ranging from neuroscience to animal welfare science. The conscious experience of emotion cannot be assessed directly, but neural, behavioural and physiological indicators of emotion can be measured. Researchers have used these measures to characterize how animals respond to situations assumed to induce discrete emotional states (e.g. fear). While advancing our understanding of specific emotions, this discrete emotion approach lacks an overarching framework that can incorporate and integrate the wide range of possible emotional states. Dimensional approaches that conceptualize emotions in terms of universal core affective characteristics (e.g. valence (positivity versus negativity) and arousal) can provide such a framework. Here, we bring together discrete and dimensional approaches to: (i) offer a structure for integrating different discrete emotions that provides a functional perspective on the adaptive value of emotional states, (ii) suggest how long-term mood states arise from short-term discrete emotions, how they also influence these discrete emotions through a bi-directional relationship and how they may function to guide decision-making, and (iii) generate novel hypothesis-driven measures of animal emotion and mood.

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Section: Integrating Discrete and Dimensional Approachessupporting

confidence: 61%

An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood

2010

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“…The suppression of visual imagery has been proposed as an important cause of anxiety maintenance (Borkovec, Ray, & Stober, 1998). Stober (2000) asked non-clinical participants to form a visual image of hypothetical negative events and found that ratings of imagery vividness, detail and speed of access were positively correlated with trait anxiety scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983). A methodological weakness of this interesting study is that there was no check that participants actually formed a visual image.…”

confidence: 96%

The simulation heuristic and visual imagery in pessimism for future negative events in anxiety

Raune

MacLeod

Holmes

2005

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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A salient feature of clinical anxiety and its disorders is an elevated subjective probability judgement that future negative events will happen to the individual. A neglected area of research is the cognitive mechanisms that might underlie this judgement in patient populations. First, we investigated the ease of being able to simulate imaginary negative events happening to the individual ('the simulation heuristic'). Second, we conducted the first investigation to our knowledge into the possible role of visual imagery characteristics on subjective probability for negative events. Twenty-six patients who had a clinical level of anxiety and 26 low-anxiety control participants simulated mentally and also formed visual images of future negative events. They then rated the likelihood of the events happening to them. As predicted, with anxious patients the simulation heuristic was correlated with subjective probability, and they reported increased access to their simulations compared to control participants. The visual image results were more complex: anxious patients' ease of image formation was correlated with subjective probability but did not differ from that of the control participants, and vividness and dismissibility were enhanced in anxious patients but did not correlate with subjective probability. Clinically, helping anxious patients to improve their access to simulations of why events will not happen may help lower their subjective probability. Future research could seek to confirm this experimentally in a clinical intervention study, as well as isolate further the different roles particular visual image characteristics may play in specific aspects of clinical anxiety. Copyright

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“…Different variations and adaptations of the SPT have been used in research (e.g. Boselie et al, 2014;Hanssen et al, 2013;Stöber, 2000). The original authors developed a revised version by increasing the number of positive items (from 10 to 14) and reducing the number of negative items (from 20 to 16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing future expectations and the two-dimensional model of affect in an Italian population

Corno

Molinari

Baños

2017

Psychiatry Research

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Future-directed thinking has been described as part of two underlying systems that integrate dimensions of affect, motivational systems, orientation to the future, and future expectations, which are initiated at the cognitive, affective, biological, behavioral, and motivational levels. The main aim of the present study is to test the two underlying frameworks model and explore future expectations in a general Italian-speaking population (N= 345). Therefore, the second aim of the present paper is to confirm the factorial structure of the Subjective Probability Task (SPT; MacLeod et al., 1996), a questionnaire designed to assess specific positive and negative orientations towards the future. Results showed that the SPT has good psychometric properties and it is a reliable instrument to assess future-directed thinking. Moreover, our findings confirmed the role of future expectancies as cognitive correlates of depression and anxiety. Differently from previous studies (Clark and Watson, 1991;MacLeod et al., 1996), our results did not confirm that depression was characterized by low positive affect. We believe this paper contributes to the understanding of future expectancies and their relation with anxiety and depression, and will help to expand the availability of an instrument to assess future directed thinking.

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Prospective cognitions in anxiety and depression: Replication and methodological extension

Cited by 118 publications

References 10 publications

An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood

An integrative and functional framework for the study of animal emotion and mood

The simulation heuristic and visual imagery in pessimism for future negative events in anxiety

Assessing future expectations and the two-dimensional model of affect in an Italian population

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