Background
Early-phase trials in relapsed neuroblastoma patients historically used objective “response” of measureable disease (RECIST, without bone/bone marrow assessment) to select agents for further study. Historical cohorts may be small and potentially biased; relapse studies from international registries are outdated. Using our large recent cohort of relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma patients from COG modern-era early-phase trials, we determined outcome and quantified parameters for designing future studies.
Methods
The first early-phase COG trial enrollment (sequential) of 383 distinct relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma patients on 23 Phase 1, 3 Phase 1/2, and 9 Phase 2 trials (8/2002–1/2014) was analyzed for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and time-to-progression (TTP). High-risk neuroblastoma planned frontline therapy included hematopoietic stem cell transplant (~two-thirds received ≥1 HSCT); 13.2% received dinutuximab.
Results
From time of patient’s first early-phase trial enrollment (n=383): 1-year/4-year PFS were 21±2%/6±1%; 1-year/4-year OS were 57±3%/20±2%, respectively; median TTP was 58 days (interquartile range: 31–183 days, n=350); median follow-up was 25.3 months (n=33 without relapse/progression). Median time from diagnosis to first relapse/progression (TTFR) was 18.7 months (range: 1.4–64.8 months) (n=176). MYCN amplification (p=0.003, p<0.0001) and 11q LOH (p=0.02, p=0.03) were prognostic of worse PFS and OS, respectively, after early-phase trial enrollment.
Conclusions
This recent COG relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma cohort is inclusive and representative. This is the first meta-analysis of PFS/TTP/OS in the context of modern therapy. These results will inform design of future phase 2 studies by providing: historical context during the search for more effective agents, and factors prognostic of PFS/OS after relapse to stratify randomization.