Prospective memory partially mediates the association between aging and everyday functioning

Sheppard, David P.; Matchanova, Anastasia; Sullivan, Kelli L.; Kazimi, Saniah Ishtiaq; Woods, Steven Paul

doi:10.1080/13854046.2019.1637461

Cited by 26 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Although there is evidence suggesting that older adults' naturalistic PM abilities are preserved due to the routine nature of tasks (i.e., instrumental daily activities) which rely on more automatic cognitive processes than attentional and executive functioning (McDaniel and Einstein, 2007 ), this was not supported by the current results for the ecological PM task. Thus, PM should be routinely assessed for older adults along with other cognitive abilities due to its incremental importance in everyday functioning (Sheppard et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of implementation intentions on prospective memory in young and older adults

et al. 2022

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Prospective memory (PM) is the ability to perform a planned action at a future time, while carrying on with other unrelated tasks. Implementation Intentions (II) is a promising metacognitive strategy for improving PM in older adults, though its generalization and longer-term effects are not well-understood. We examined the effects of II on PM in 48 community-dwelling older adults (77% female, Mage = 71.52) and 59 young adults (75% female, Mage = 19.86). Participants were randomly allocated to a conventional instruction or II group and administered a laboratory-based PM task in the first session. In the second session, participants returned to complete a similar but new laboratory-based PM task and an ecological PM task without prompts to use a strategy. We found strong age effects on PM performance whereby older adults performed worse than young adults across all PM tasks. While the overall facilitation effect of II was not statistically significant, there was a trend that this strategy facilitated PM performance on the laboratory-based PM task in the first session for older adults with a medium sized effect (d = 0.37). The generalization and longer-term effect of II were not significant for either the similar laboratory-based or the ecological PM task. These results suggest that a single-session II intervention may not be sufficient to elicit transfer to other similar new PM tasks in healthy populations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of implementation intentions on prospective memory in young and older adults

et al. 2022

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“…By contrast, a strong theoretical argument can be made that improving PM function should lead to meaningful transfer on activities of daily living. This is because, as noted, older adults report that lapses of intention are the most frequent and stressful memory problems experienced in daily life (Kliegel et al, 2007), and failures of PM have been consistently linked to difficulties engaging in a range of functional everyday activities (Hering et al, 2018; Sheppard et al, 2020). In this regard, the failure to identify any far transfer effects to the measure of functional independence in the present study was the most disappointing finding, and we believe highlights the biggest limitation of this study.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Prospective memory (PM), or “remembering to remember,” involves the formation of an intention, followed by the subsequent execution of that intention after a delay. Successful performance on real life PM tasks is a critical determinant of whether a person is able to lead an independent life, and has been shown to partially mediate the association between age and the capacity to engage in a range of functional everyday activities (Hering et al, 2018; Sheppard et al, 2020). In light of the rapidly aging demographic, there is a growing need to identify effective ways to optimize older adults’ autonomy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acting with the future in mind: Testing competing prospective memory interventions.

Hering¹,

Haines

Grainger

et al. 2021

Psychology and Aging

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vulnerability: life course perspectives Prospective memory (PM) is a critical determinant of whether a person is able to lead an independent life. Because PM declines in late adulthood, an important question is therefore whether, and if so, which types, of PM interventions might lead to meaningful benefits. In the present study, we randomly assigned older adults to one of four conditions, in three of which participants received a structured PM intervention (Restorative, Compensatory, and Combined Restorative and Compensatory); the fourth was an Active Control condition. The results showed that there were significant gains on the PM training task used for both the Restorative and Combined conditions. We then analyzed change in PM tasks that were independent of the PM training task (Near Transfer). Only the Combined condition led to post-training improvement. Finally, we analyzed performance on measures of untrained cognitive abilities and everyday functioning: Far transfer effects were not evident for any intervention. These data align with prior literature in showing that interventions that target a single cognitive ability do not reliably generate far transfer effects, and additionally extend our understanding of these effects in two important ways. Firstly, they indicate that, even when the memory challenges that older adults are most concerned about are the direct target of restorative training, transfer effects to untrained cognitive domains may be difficult to achieve. Secondly, they indicate that for older adults whose primary goal is to enhance PM function, combining Restorative and Compensatory approaches is an effective approach.

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“…PM failures are associated with important real-world implications, such as maintaining health (e.g., forgetting to take medication) and safety (e.g., forgetting to turn off an oven), which may pose a particular challenge for older adults. Moreover, it has been shown that PM failures have greater impact than retrospective memory on the functional independence of older adults (Hering et al, 2018;Sheppard et al, 2020), and yet forgetting to perform an intended action at the appropriate future moment is reported as the most frequent memory failure in our everyday life (Haas et al, 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal cognitive offloading: Increased reminder usage but reduced pro-reminder bias in older adults

Tsai¹,

Scarampi²,

Kliegel³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Research into prospective memory suggests that older adults may face particular difficulties remembering delayed intentions. One way to mitigate these difficulties is by using external reminders but relatively little is known about age-related changes in such cognitive offloading strategies. We examined younger and older adults’ (N=88) performance on a memory task where they chose between remembering delayed intentions with internal memory (earning maximum reward per item) or external reminders (earning a reduced reward). This allowed us to distinguish 1) the absolute number of reminders used, versus 2) the pro- or anti-reminder bias, compared with each individual’s optimal strategy. Older adults used more reminders overall, as might be expected because they also had poorer memory performance. However, when compared against the optimal strategy weighing the costs versus benefits of reminders, it was only the younger adults who had a pro-reminder bias. Younger adults overestimated the benefit of reminders whereas older adults underestimated it. Therefore, even when ageing is associated with increased use of external memory aids overall, it can also be associated with reduced preference for external memory support, relative to the objective need for such support. This age-related change may be driven at least in part by metacognitive processes, suggesting that metacognitive interventions could lead to improved use of cognitive tools.

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Prospective memory partially mediates the association between aging and everyday functioning

Cited by 26 publications

References 56 publications

The effects of implementation intentions on prospective memory in young and older adults

The effects of implementation intentions on prospective memory in young and older adults

Acting with the future in mind: Testing competing prospective memory interventions.

Optimal cognitive offloading: Increased reminder usage but reduced pro-reminder bias in older adults

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