Prospective Study of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Kirsh, Victoria A.; Peters, Ulrike; Mayne, Susan T.; Subar, Amy F.; Chatterjee, Nilanjan; Johnson, Christine Cole; Hayes, Richard B.

doi:10.1093/jnci/djm065

Cited by 240 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Only one24 out of the five5, 8, 9, 24, 25 studies that have assessed the association between citrus fruit and prostate cancer risk has also found a significant inverse association, and no association between circulating concentrations of the citrus biomarker β ‐cryptoxanthin and prostate cancer risk was observed in a pooled analysis of 10 prospective studies 26. Our non‐significant associations between several vegetable subtypes and risk of prostate cancer are in line with previous prospective studies which have also found no association between overall prostate cancer risk and cruciferous9, 12, 27 or leafy vegetable intake 8, 9, 28, 29.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, special attention has been paid to the possible protective effect of the consumption of cruciferous vegetables and tomatoes on prostate cancer, although to date results are not conclusive 12, 13. Regarding fruit consumption, most prospective studies have found no association with prostate cancer development 4, 5, 6, 9. The latest meta‐analysis from the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) stated that no conclusion could be reached on whether fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with prostate cancer risk3; this meta‐analysis did not differentiate between grade and stage of the disease (stage and grade are grouped together as advanced/high grade or non‐advanced/low grade), and only included a limited number of fruit and vegetable subtypes (namely cruciferous vegetables and tomatoes); therefore, more studies are needed.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Pérez-Cornago

Travis

Appleby

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Several dietary factors have been studied in relation to prostate cancer; however, most studies have not reported on subtypes of fruit and vegetables or tumor characteristics, and results obtained so far are inconclusive. This study aimed to examine the prospective association of total and subtypes of fruit and vegetable intake with the incidence of prostate cancer overall, by grade and stage of disease, and prostate cancer death. Lifestyle information for 142,239 men participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition from 8 European countries was collected at baseline. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). After an average follow‐up time of 13.9 years, 7,036 prostate cancer cases were identified. Compared with the lowest fifth, those in the highest fifth of total fruit intake had a significantly reduced prostate cancer risk (HR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.83–0.99; p‐trend = 0.01). No associations between fruit subtypes and prostate cancer risk were observed, except for citrus fruits, where a significant trend was found (HR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.86–1.02; p‐trend = 0.01). No associations between total and subtypes of vegetables and prostate cancer risk were observed. We found no evidence of heterogeneity in these associations by tumor grade and stage, with the exception of significant heterogeneity by tumor grade (p heterogeneity<0.001) for leafy vegetables. No significant associations with prostate cancer death were observed. The main finding of this prospective study was that a higher fruit intake was associated with a small reduction in prostate cancer risk. Whether this association is causal remains unclear.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Pérez-Cornago

Travis

Appleby

et al. 2017

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…In contrast, several studies indicate that cabbages may have specific health-promoting properties, e.g. as a prophylactic for cancer, above the general health benefits obtained from eating fruits and vegetables (22)(23)(24)(25)(26) . Cabbages have a high content of vitamin K, antioxidants, dietary fibre, folate, and of several carotenoids and glucosinolates that are not found in other foods.…”

Section: Fruits and Vegetablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary composition and nutrient content of the New Nordic Diet

Mithril

Dragsted

Meyer³

et al. 2012

Public Health Nutr.

121

119

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Objective: To describe the dietary composition of the New Nordic Diet (NND) and to compare it with the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR)/Danish Food-based Dietary Guidelines (DFDG) and with the average Danish diet. Design: Dietary components with clear health-promoting properties included in the DFDG were included in the NND in amounts at least equivalent to those prescribed by the DFDG. The quantities of the other dietary components in the NND were based on scientific arguments for their potential health-promoting properties together with considerations of acceptability, toxicological concerns, availability and the environment. Calculations were conducted for quantifying the dietary and nutrient composition of the NND. Setting: Denmark. Subjects: None. Results: The NND is characterized by a high content of fruits and vegetables (especially berries, cabbages, root vegetables and legumes), fresh herbs, potatoes, plants and mushrooms from the wild countryside, whole grains, nuts, fish and shellfish, seaweed, free-range livestock (including pigs and poultry) and game. Overall, the average daily intakes of macro-and micronutrients in the NND meet the NNR with small adjustments based on evidence of their health-promoting properties. Conclusions: The NND is a prototype regional diet that takes palatability, health, food culture and the environment into consideration. Regionally appropriate healthy diets could be created on similar principles anywhere in the world.

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“…Conversely, regular physical activity (2) and the consumption of fruits and vegetables, particularly those belonging to the cruciferous family, may reduce this risk (3)(4)(5). Indeed consumption of cruciferous vegetables has been reported to reduce the risks of prostate cancer by 40% (3,4), extraprostatic prostate cancer by up to 40% (6), and progression by 59% (7) in men diagnosed with nonmetastatic disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sulforaphane in Men with Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy

Cipolla¹,

Mandron²,

Lefort³

et al. 2015

Cancer Prevention Research

110

106

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Increases in serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) occur commonly in prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and are designated "biochemical recurrence." Because the phytochemical sulforaphane has been studied extensively as an anticancer agent, we performed a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial with sulforaphane in 78 patients (mean age, 69 AE 6 years) with increasing PSA levels after radical prostatectomy. Treatment comprised daily oral administration of 60 mg of a stabilized free sulforaphane for 6 months (M0-M6) followed by 2 months without treatment (M6-M8). The study was designed to detect a 0.012 log (ng/mL)/month decrease in the log PSA slope in the sulforaphane group from M0 to M6. The primary endpoint was not reached. For secondary endpoints, median log PSA slopes were consistently lower in sulforaphanetreated men. Mean changes in PSA levels between M6 and M0 were significantly lower in the sulforaphane group (þ0.099 AE 0.341 ng/mL) than in placebo (þ0.620 AE 1.417 ng/mL; P ¼ 0.0433). PSA doubling time was 86% longer in the sulforaphane than in the placebo group (28.9 and 15.5 months, respectively). PSA increases >20% at M6 were significantly greater in the placebo group (71.8%) than in the sulforaphane group (44.4%); P ¼ 0.0163. Compliance and tolerance were very good. Sulforaphane effects were prominent after 3 months of intervention (M3-M6). After treatment, PSA slopes from M6 to M8 remained the same in the 2 arms. Daily administration of free sulforaphane shows promise in managing biochemical recurrences in prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. Cancer Prev Res; 8(8); 712-9. Ó2015 AACR.

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Prospective Study of Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Abstract: High intake of cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli and cauliflower, may be associated with reduced risk of aggressive prostate cancer, particularly extraprostatic disease.

Cited by 240 publications

References 48 publications

Fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Fruit and vegetable intake and prostate cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)

Dietary composition and nutrient content of the New Nordic Diet

Effect of Sulforaphane in Men with Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy

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