Prospectively Assessed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Physical Activity

LeardMann, Cynthia A.; Kelton, Molly L.; Smith, Besa; Littman, Alyson J.; Boyko, Edward J.; Wells, Timothy S.; Smith, Tyler C.

doi:10.1177/003335491112600311

Cited by 74 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…For instance, the early parental loss is a protective factor for panic (OR = 0.9, 95% CI = 0.7–1.0), but a risk factor for PTSD (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0–1.4) (Blanco et al, ). Although we have found effects only for PTSD and agoraphobia, due to the small number of studies included in subgroup analysis, only two studies provided data for incident agoraphobia (Strohle et al, ; Ten Have et al, ), PTSD (LeardMann et al, ; Strohle et al, ), panic Strohle et al, ; Ten Have et al, ), OCD (Strohle et al, ; Ten Have et al, ), social phobia (Strohle et al, ; Ten Have et al, ), and specific phobias (Strohle et al, ; Ten Have et al, ), and four for GAD (McDowell, Dishman et al, ; Strohle et al, ; Ten Have et al, ; Zainal & Newman, ), it is precocious to determine whether these effects are common to all anxiety disorders or are disorder‐specific and more research is needed to adequately address this point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

et al. 2019

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Background Prospective cohorts have suggested that physical activity (PA) can decrease the risk of incident anxiety. However, no meta‐analysis has been conducted. Aims To examine the prospective relationship between PA and incident anxiety and explore potential moderators. Methods Searches were conducted on major databases from inception to October 10, 2018 for prospective studies (at least 1 year of follow‐up) that calculated the odds ratio (OR) of incident anxiety in people with high PA against people with low PA. Methodological quality was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). A random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted and heterogeneity was explored using subgroup and meta‐regression analysis. Results Across 14 cohorts of 13 unique prospective studies (N = 75,831, median males = 50.1%) followed for 357,424 person‐years, people with high self‐reported PA (versus low PA) were at reduced odds of developing anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.74; 95% confidence level [95% CI] = 0.62, 0.88; crude OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.92). High self‐reported PA was protective against the emergence of agoraphobia (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.98) and posttraumatic stress disorder (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.39, 0.85). The protective effects for anxiety were evident in Asia (AOR = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.10, 0.96) and Europe (AOR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.97); for children/adolescents (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.29, 0.90) and adults (AOR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.69, 0.95). Results remained robust when adjusting for confounding factors. Overall study quality was moderate to high (mean NOS = 6.7 out of 9). Conclusion Evidence supports the notion that self‐reported PA can confer protection against the emergence of anxiety regardless of demographic factors. In particular, higher PA levels protects from agoraphobia and posttraumatic disorder.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

et al. 2019

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“…From a measurement perspective, assessments of stress and PA are often mismatched, with one measure inquiring about stress over a given period (e.g., the last month; Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]) and the other inquiring about PA over a different period of time (e.g., the last year, Modifiable Activity Questionnaire [MAQ]) [124, 191, 259, 286, 295]. Prospective studies, while an improvement over cross-sectional ones, do not always gauge stress and PA at each time point [268, 279]. This is important to determine bi-directional associations of stress and PA. Diary studies have provided considerable improvement in this respect, while also being less affected by stress-related memory deficits [17, 189].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Those who drop out of studies tend to have higher stress and anxiety, which could also mask any potential effects [188]. Several studies finding an inverse trend of a stress–PA association have been underpowered [277], while others are overpowered, detecting trivial associations [260, 268, 270, 272, 316]. Studies with large samples of inactive participants (or conversely all active subjects) may not have enough variability in exercise measures to detect an effect [273].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Stress on Physical Activity and Exercise

2013

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Background Psychological stress and physical activity (PA) are believed to be reciprocally related; however, most research examining the relationship between these constructs is devoted to the study of exercise and/or PA as an instrument to mitigate distress. Objective The aim of this paper was to review the literature investigating the influence of stress on indicators of PA and exercise. Methods A systematic search of Web of Science, Pub-Med, and SPORTDiscus was employed to find all relevant studies focusing on human participants. Search terms included “stress”, “exercise”, and “physical activity”. A rating scale (0–9) modified for this study was utilized to assess the quality of all studies with multiple time points. Results The literature search found 168 studies that examined the influence of stress on PA. Studies varied widely in their theoretical orientation and included perceived stress, distress, life events, job strain, role strain, and work–family conflict but not lifetime cumulative adversity. To more clearly address the question, prospective studies (n = 55) were considered for further review, the majority of which indicated that psychological stress predicts less PA (behavioral inhibition) and/or exercise or more sedentary behavior (76.4 %). Both objective (i.e., life events) and subjective (i.e., distress) measures of stress related to reduced PA. Prospective studies investigating the effects of objective markers of stress nearly all agreed (six of seven studies) that stress has a negative effect on PA. This was true for research examining (a) PA at periods of objectively varying levels of stress (i.e., final examinations vs. a control time point) and (b) chronically stressed populations (e.g., caregivers, parents of children with a cancer diagnosis) that were less likely to be active than controls over time. Studies examining older adults (>50 years), cohorts with both men and women, and larger sample sizes (n > 100) were more likely to show an inverse association. 85.7 % of higher-quality prospective research (≥7 on a 9-point scale) showed the same trend. Interestingly, some prospective studies (18.2 %) report evidence that PA was positively impacted by stress (behavioral activation). This should not be surprising as some individuals utilize exercise to cope with stress. Several other factors may moderate stress and PA relationships, such as stages of change for exercise. Habitually active individuals exercise more in the face of stress, and those in beginning stages exercise less. Consequently, stress may have a differential impact on exercise adoption, maintenance, and relapse. Preliminary evidence suggests that combining stress management programming with exercise interventions may allay stress-related reductions in PA, though rigorous testing of these techniques has yet to be produced. Conclusions Overall, the majority of the literature finds that the experience of stress impairs efforts to be physically active. Future work should center on the development of a theory explaining the...

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“…Study by Leard Mann et al, showed that by increasing physical activity, the level of stress decreases. 34 This could be due to the fact that physical activity and exercise makes the mother feel fresh and lively, and it releases endorphins in the body that is very effective in reducing stress. In this study significant reverse relationship were observed between perceived stresses and responsibility for health.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Health Promoting Lifestyle and Perceived Stress in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia

Malakouti¹,

Sehhati²,

Mirghafourvand³

et al. 2015

J Caring Sci

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Article Type: Original Article Introduction: Lifestyle during pregnancy has long-term effects on health of mother and child. Having previous illness or unexpected maternal or fetal conditions such as preeclampsia can complicate pregnancy and interfere with health-promoting behaviors and cause stress might interfere with health-promoting behaviors. This study was carried out to examine the relationship between health-promoting lifestyles and perceived stress in women with preeclampsia. Methods: This study is a descriptive correlation design that was conducted on 182 pregnant women with preeclampsia attending in the high risk clinics of Al-Zahra and Talegani hospitals in Tabriz 2014. Data gathering tools were three: demographics, health-promoting lifestyle (HPLP-II), and perceived stress questionnaires. SPSS Ver. 13 was used for data analysis. Results: The mean (SD) of health promoting lifestyle among pregnant women with preeclampsia was 2.4 (0.4). Among the dimensions of health promoting life style, the highest mean score was for sub domain of nutrition, i.e. 2.8 (0.5), and the lowest score was achieved by the sub-domains of physical activity, i.e. 1.5 (0.5).The mean (SD) score of perceived stress was 27.3 (7.1). There was reverse relationship between perceived stress and health -promoting behaviors. Conclusion: Based upon the results, health promoting behaviors were decreased by increment of perceived stress. Therefore, midwives can help women with preeclampsia by promoting health behaviors to reduce their stress and increase health-promoting behaviors.

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Prospectively Assessed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Physical Activity

Cited by 74 publications

References 52 publications

Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

The Effects of Stress on Physical Activity and Exercise

Relationship between Health Promoting Lifestyle and Perceived Stress in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia

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