Prospects of Gene Knockouts in the Functional Study of MAMP-Triggered Immunity: A Review

Offor, Benedict C.; Dubery, Ian A.; Piater, Lizelle A.

doi:10.3390/ijms21072540

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 161 publications

(303 reference statements)

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“…The content of individual thionins was different; based on this point, they were initially classified as “major” (NsW1, NsW2, and NsW4) and “minor” (NsW3 and NsW5–9). Given that thionins are involved in PR-proteins class 13 [ 12 , 19 ], genes encoding them might be inducibly expressed and up/down-regulated depending on the type of stress factor recognized by plant innate immunity [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nigellothionins from Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seeds Demonstrate Strong Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activity

et al. 2021

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High-cationic biologically active peptides of the thionins family were isolated from black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds. According to their physicochemical characteristics, they were classified as representatives of the class I thionin subfamily. Novel peptides were called “Nigellothionins”, so-called because of their source plant. Thionins are described as components of plant innate immunity to environmental stress factors. Nine nigellothionins were identified in the plant in different amounts. Complete amino acid sequences were determined for three of them, and a high degree of similarity was detected. Three nigellothionins were examined for antifungal properties against collection strains. The dominant peptide, NsW2, was also examined for activity against clinical isolates of fungi. Cytotoxic activity was determined for NsW2. Nigellothionins activity against all collection strains and clinical isolates varied from absence to a value comparable to amphotericin B, which can be explained by the presence of amino acid substitutions in their sequences. Cytotoxic activity in vitro for NsW2 was detected at sub-micromolar concentrations. This has allowed us to propose an alteration of the molecular mechanism of action at different concentrations. The results obtained suggest that nigellothionins are natural compounds that can be used as antimycotic and anti-proliferative agents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nigellothionins from Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seeds Demonstrate Strong Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activity

et al. 2021

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“…# For contextual perspective of the identified LPS-responsive proteins in signalling cascades, the reader is referred to Figure S9 (taken from [2]).…”

Section: Stress and Defencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plants perceive microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) via pattern recognition receptor(s) (PRRs) and trigger defence responses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, callose deposition, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and accumulation defence-related secondary metabolites [1][2][3]. Gram-negative bacterial LPSs are MAMPs that trigger defence responses or prime a plant to respond more rapidly to subsequent pathogen attacks [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plasma membrane (PM) regulates cell external and internal communication with the aid of the proteins embedded in the membrane phospholipid bilayer, which plays a key role in the initial perception of pathogen-derived signals [32,33]. In addition, membrane rafts within the PM regulate several physiochemical processes, such as transport, trafficking and signalling, and are potential hubs for specific receptor (e.g., FLS2) and co-receptor (e.g., BAK1) complex assembly involved in biotic/abiotic stress defence responses [2,34,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasma Membrane-Associated Proteins Identified in Arabidopsis Wild Type, lbr2-2 and bak1-4 Mutants Treated with LPSs from Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris

et al. 2022

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Plants recognise bacterial microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from the environment via plasma membrane (PM)-localised pattern recognition receptor(s) (PRRs). Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are known as MAMPs from gram-negative bacteria that are most likely recognised by PRRs and trigger defence responses in plants. The Arabidopsis PRR(s) and/or co-receptor(s) complex for LPS and the associated defence signalling remains elusive. As such, proteomic identification of LPS receptors and/or co-receptor complexes will help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underly LPS perception and defence signalling in plants. The Arabidopsis LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)-related-2 (LBR2) have been shown to recognise LPS and trigger defence responses while brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1)-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1) acts as a co-receptor for several PRRs. In this study, Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and T-DNA knock out mutants (lbr2-2 and bak1-4) were treated with LPS chemotypes from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 (Xcc) over a 24 h period. The PM-associated protein fractions were separated by liquid chromatography and analysed by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by data analysis using ByonicTM software. Using Gene Ontology (GO) for molecular function and biological processes, significant LPS-responsive proteins were grouped according to defence and stress response, perception and signalling, membrane transport and trafficking, metabolic processes and others. Venn diagrams demarcated the MAMP-responsive proteins that were common and distinct to the WT and mutant lines following treatment with the two LPS chemotypes, suggesting contributions from differential LPS sub-structural moieties and involvement of LBR2 and BAK1 in the LPS-induced MAMP-triggered immunity (MTI). Moreover, the identification of RLKs and RLPs that participate in other bacterial and fungal MAMP signalling proposes the involvement of more than one receptor and/or co-receptor for LPS perception as well as signalling in Arabidopsis defence responses.

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“…MTI immune signaling is triggered by the recognition of conserved molecular patterns through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) and their respective co-receptors. There are two main types of PRRs: Receptor-Like Kinases (RLKs) and Receptor-Like Proteins (RLPs), that lack an intracellular kinase domain (Offor, Dubery, and Piater 2020; Yuan, Ngou, et al 2021; Lolle, Stevens, and Coaker 2020). Substantial differences exist between RLP and RLK signaling pathways: immune signaling through the RLP and Suppressor of BIR1 (SOBIR1) co-receptor pathway genetically requires EDS1, Phytoalexin Deficient 4 (PAD4) and Resistance to Powdery Mildew 8 NLRs (RNLs) and results in higher levels of ethylene and phytoalexins production, as well as Pathogenesis Related 1 gene expression (Tian et al 2021; Pruitt et al 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of EDS1-independent plant defense responses against bacterial pathogens using Duckweed/Pseudomonaspathosystems

Baggs¹,

Tiersma

Abramsom

et al. 2022

Preprint

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ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) mediates the induction of defense responses against pathogens in most land plants. However, it has recently been shown that a few species have lost EDS1. It is unknown how defense against disease unfolds and evolves in the absence of EDS1. Here we utilize duckweeds; a collection of aquatic species that lack EDS1, to investigate this question. We successfully established duckweed-Pseudomonas pathosystems and were able to characterize pathogen-induced responses in an immune system that lacks the EDS1 signaling pathway. We show that the copy number of infection-associated genes and the infection-induced transcriptional responses of duckweeds differ from that of other model species. Moreover, we show that the conservation of canonical Microbe Triggered Immunity and Effector Triggered Immunity pathways varies between duckweed species. This work shows that pathogen defense has evolved along different trajectories and uncovers alternative genomic and transcriptional reprogramming. Specifically, the miAMP1 domain containing proteins, which are absent in Arabidopsis, show pathogen responsive upregulation in duckweeds. Despite such divergence between Arabidopsis and duckweed species, we find evidence for the conservation of upregulation of certain genes and the role of hormones in response to disease. Our work highlights the importance of expanding the pool of model species to study defense responses that have evolved in the plant kingdom, including those independent of EDS1.

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Prospects of Gene Knockouts in the Functional Study of MAMP-Triggered Immunity: A Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 161 publications

Nigellothionins from Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seeds Demonstrate Strong Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activity

Nigellothionins from Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seeds Demonstrate Strong Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activity

Plasma Membrane-Associated Proteins Identified in Arabidopsis Wild Type, lbr2-2 and bak1-4 Mutants Treated with LPSs from Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris

Characterization of EDS1-independent plant defense responses against bacterial pathogens using Duckweed/Pseudomonaspathosystems

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