Prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases

Abstract

Prostaglandins (PGs) are important lipid mediators produced from arachidonic acid via the sequential catalyzation of cyclooxygenases (COXs) and specific prostaglandin synthases. There are five subtypes of PGs, namely PGE2, PGI2, PGD2, PGF2α, and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). PGs exert distinct roles by combining to a diverse family of membrane-spanning G protein-coupled prostanoid receptors. The distribution of these PGs, their specific synthases and receptors vary a lot in the kidney. This review summarized the recent findings of PGs together with the COXs and their specific synthases and receptors in regulating renal function and highlighted the insights into their roles in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases.

Diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes – from pathological mechanisms to clinical occupational medicine practice

“…The patient in this category will honestly declare not having diabetes on the occasion of periodical medical examination. According to the same study, the prevalence of impaired glucose regulation (diabetes and prediabetes) during the active life is 11.5% in men and 8.1% in women aged 20-39 years and raises up to 35.5% in men and to 29.4% in women of 40-59 years old. Due to this high prevalence, understanding the characteristics and the factors influencing the evolution of this disease becomes more and more important for the fitness for work assessments and the organisational support recommended by an occupational physician.…”

“…Other tests included in the yearly T2D evaluation are the lipid profile, liver tests, vitamin B12 in metformin treated patients, serum potassium in patients treated with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor II blockers and diuretics [26]. It is foreseen that one or several more subtle parameters for glomerular filtration (urine transferrin, fibronectin, laminin, ceruloplasmin), podocyte injury (nephrin, podocalyxin, podocin), glomerulo-endothelial injury (glycoaminoglycan), tubular reabsorption, (cubilin, megalin, β2microglobulin, α1 microglobulin, retinol binding protein, cystatin C), tubular integrity (urine alkaline phosphatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, alanin aminopeptidase, kidney injury molecule, type IV and type I collagen, matrix metalloproteinase 9), inflammation (PGE2 or PGF2α, TNFα, Interleukin 6, resistin, interleukin 1α, MCP-1 among others), oxidative stress (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-deoxyguanosine), growth factors (transforming growth factor β1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, connective tissue growth factor) [24,28,29,30] will replace the current screening tests, as they are able to detect the kidney disease in earlier stages. Transferrin excretion is another candidate, as it was proven to proceed albuminuria in a larger cohort [31].…”

The Role of Hormones and Trophic Factors as Components of Preservation Solutions in Protection of Renal Function before Transplantation: A Review of the Literature

“…Prostaglandin E-1 (PGE1) is a hormone-like substances produced by almost all body cells. It exhibits autocrine and paracrine effects by acting through membrane prostanoid spanning G protein-coupled receptors [ 94 ]. Four types of PGE1 receptors have been identified in different tissues and organs: EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4.…”

Neuroimmune Mechanisms in Signaling of Pain During Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

“…Prostacyclin (PGI2) is also one of the main products of COXs pathways and has a potent role in the renal hemodynamic, rennin release and tubular transport. Its defect could be mediated by oxidative stress as generated during AKI and further aid in the progression toward CKD and later on to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (84).…”