Prostamides (prostaglandin‐ethanolamides) and their pharmacology

Woodward, David F.; Liang, Yuanbo; Krauss, Achim H.-P.

doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707434

Cited by 133 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…Pharmacological properties of prostamides are now beginning to be elucidated. They have several biological actions including contraction of iris sphincter and modulation of synaptic transmission, presumably through prostamide-specific receptors that have not been cloned (162,568). In mouse cultured hippocampal neurons, effects of prostamides on mIPSCs were examined (462).…”

Section: E Actions Of Endocannabinoid-derived Oxygenated Products Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocannabinoid-Mediated Control of Synaptic Transmission

Kano¹,

Ohno‐Shosaku²,

Hashimotodani³

et al. 2009

Physiological Reviews

1,311

1,431

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The discovery of cannabinoid receptors and subsequent identification of their endogenous ligands (endocannabinoids) in early 1990s have greatly accelerated research on cannabinoid actions in the brain. Then, the discovery in 2001 that endocannabinoids mediate retrograde synaptic signaling has opened up a new era for cannabinoid research and also established a new concept how diffusible messengers modulate synaptic efficacy and neural activity. The last 7 years have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system. It is now well accepted that endocannabinoids are released from postsynaptic neurons, activate presynaptic cannabinoid CB1 receptors, and cause transient and long-lasting reduction of neurotransmitter release. In this review, we aim to integrate our current understanding of functions of the endocannabinoid system, especially focusing on the control of synaptic transmission in the brain. We summarize recent electrophysiological studies carried out on synapses of various brain regions and discuss how synaptic transmission is regulated by endocannabinoid signaling. Then we refer to recent anatomical studies on subcellular distribution of the molecules involved in endocannabinoid signaling and discuss how these signaling molecules are arranged around synapses. In addition, we make a brief overview of studies on cannabinoid receptors and their intracellular signaling, biochemical studies on endocannabinoid metabolism, and behavioral studies on the roles of the endocannabinoid system in various aspects of neural functions.

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Section: E Actions Of Endocannabinoid-derived Oxygenated Products Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocannabinoid-Mediated Control of Synaptic Transmission

Kano¹,

Ohno‐Shosaku²,

Hashimotodani³

et al. 2009

Physiological Reviews

1,311

1,431

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…AEA is rapidly and almost exclusively hydrolyzed to AA and ethanolamine by the FAAH (65). AEA can also be oxidized to prostamides, 12-OH-, and 15-OH-AEA by the COX-II, 12-LO, and 15-LO pathways, respectively (66)(67)(68)(69). The hydrolysis of 2-AG to glycerol and AA is mainly catalyzed by the MAG lipase (70-75).…”

Section: -Ag Induces a Robust Biosynthesis Of Ltbmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol Activates Human Neutrophils: Critical Role of Its Hydrolysis and De Novo Leukotriene B4 Biosynthesis

Chouinard

Lefebvre

Navarro

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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Although endocannabinoids are important players in nociception and obesity, their roles as immunomodulators remain elusive. The main endocannabinoids described to date, namely 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA), induce an intriguing profile of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. This could relate to cell-specific cannabinoid receptor expression and/or the action of endocannabinoid-derived metabolites. Importantly, 2-AG and AEA comprise a molecule of arachidonic acid (AA) in their structure and are hydrolyzed rapidly. We postulated the following: 1) the released AA from endocannabinoid hydrolysis would be metabolized into eicosanoids; and 2) these eicosanoids would mediate some of the effects of endocannabinoids. To confirm these hypotheses, experiments were performed in which freshly isolated human neutrophils were treated with endocannabinoids. Unlike AEA, 2-AG stimulated myeloperoxidase release, kinase activation, and calcium mobilization by neutrophils. Although 2-AG did not induce the migration of neutrophils, it induced the release of a migrating activity for neutrophils. 2-AG also rapidly (1 min) induced a robust biosynthesis of leukotrienes, similar to that observed with AA. The effects of 2-AG were not mimicked nor prevented by cannabinoid receptor agonists or antagonists, respectively. Finally, the blockade of either 2-AG hydrolysis, leukotriene (LT) B4 biosynthesis, or LTB4 receptor 1 activation prevented all the effects of 2-AG on neutrophil functions. In conclusion, we demonstrated that 2-AG potently activates human neutrophils. This is the consequence of 2-AG hydrolysis, de novo LTB4 biosynthesis, and an autocrine activation loop involving LTB4 receptor 1.

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“…The COX-2-mediated oxidation of AEA eventually produces the prostaglandin-ethanolamides (prostamides) and that of 2-AG the prostaglandinglycerol esters (glyceroprostaglandins). These oxidative de- (923). The oxygenation of AEA or 2-AG by LOX or CytP-450 enxymes produces hydroperoxy/hyroxy-or epoxyeicosatetraenoyl derivatives (88, 806).…”

Section: Endocannabinoid Biosynthesis and Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology

Ligresti¹,

Petrocellis²,

Marzo³

2016

Physiological Reviews

377

337

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Apart from having been used and misused for at least four millennia for, among others, recreational and medicinal purposes, the cannabis plant and its most peculiar chemical components, the plant cannabinoids (phytocannabinoids), have the merit to have led humanity to discover one of the most intriguing and pleiotropic endogenous signaling systems, the endocannabinoid system (ECS). This review article aims to describe and critically discuss, in the most comprehensive possible manner, the multifaceted aspects of 1) the pharmacology and potential impact on mammalian physiology of all major phytocannabinoids, and not only of the most famous one ⌬ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, and 2) the adaptive prohomeostatic physiological, or maladaptive pathological, roles of the ECS in mammalian cells, tissues, and organs. In doing so, we have respected the chronological order of the milestones of the millennial route from medicinal/recreational cannabis to the ECS and beyond, as it is now clear that some of the early steps in this long path, which were originally neglected, are becoming important again. The emerging picture is rather complex, but still supports the belief that more important discoveries on human physiology, and new therapies, might come in the future from new knowledge in this field.

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Prostamides (prostaglandin‐ethanolamides) and their pharmacology

Cited by 133 publications

References 64 publications

Endocannabinoid-Mediated Control of Synaptic Transmission

Endocannabinoid-Mediated Control of Synaptic Transmission

The Endocannabinoid 2-Arachidonoyl-Glycerol Activates Human Neutrophils: Critical Role of Its Hydrolysis and De Novo Leukotriene B4 Biosynthesis

From Phytocannabinoids to Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoids: Pleiotropic Physiological and Pathological Roles Through Complex Pharmacology

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