Prostate cancer among different racial groups in the Western Cape: Presenting features and management

Heyns, Chris F.; Fisher, M.; Lecuona, Angus; Merwe, André van der

doi:10.7196/samj.4420

Cited by 45 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These results are in agreement with extensive PSA data showing that mean and median PSA values indeed differ between T-stages where they serve as a valuable indicators in the management of the disease. 19,20 Our results add to the growing realisation that sarcosine as a potential biomarker of prostate cancer progression may not live up to expectations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Plasma sarcosine does not distinguish early and advanced stages of prostate cancer

et al. 2012

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The identification of prostate cancer remains problematic; no single, simple procedure exists for a reliable diagnosis. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), while non-invasive and easily measurable in serum, is not specific owing to false-positives from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), inflammatory conditions and prostatic trauma. Additional diagnostic information must therefore be obtained by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and digital rectal examination (DRE) to assess prostate size and morphology. Final confirmation of a malignancy requires histopathological analysis of several biopsies. A remaining hurdle in the identification process is the existence of indolent organ-confined disease and aggressive metastatic prostate cancer that can only be distinguished by additional imaging or nuclear medicine procedures.In a new approach to this diagnostic dilemma, it has been argued that screening for changes in metabolite expression resulting from gene silencing and gene activation could be used to identify a specific biological marker that increases in the transformation process. Therefore, a paper elaborating on metabolite expression in clinical samples of benign, localised and metastatic prostate cancer 1 was enthusiastically received and debated in editorials. [2][3][4][5] The proposal that sarcosine (N-methylglycine) (a metabolite of choline found in urine) may be characteristic for prostate cancer progression has since been examined in other laboratories. 1 These investigations found sarcosine levels in urine 6 and serum 7 to be constant, irrespective of sample pathology. From our own and published preliminary measurements, it is nevertheless clear that sarcosine-alanine ratios in prostate tumour patients are often elevated above controls and are spread over a wider range. 1,7,17 A relationship between sarcosine and disease therefore cannot as yet be totally ruled out. Interest in sarcosine as a marker molecule remains topical, as shown by a recent modification of sarcosine assay by GC/MS in urine. 8 We present measurements in plasma of prostate cancer patients characterised by PSA, tumour stage and Gleason score using GC/MS for sarcosine methodology 9,10 to elaborate further on the suitability of sarcosine as a marker for prostate cancer. MethodsPatient blood was collected by venipuncture and centrifuged, and clear supernatants were stored at -20°C. The AxSYM total PSA was determined by a MEIA microparticle enzyme immune assay (Abbott) and expressed as ng/ml. Ethical approval was granted by the University of Stellenbosch Health Research Ethics Committee (N09/11/330).Sarcosine and alanine were quantified in plasma by gaschromatograph mass spectrometry. Briefly, amino acids were extracted from 100 µl of acidified plasma by solid phase extraction onto a cation exchange column before being washed, eluted and derivatised to their corresponding alkyl chloroformates using a commercial kit (EZ:faast, Phenomenex, Torrance CA, USA). After derivatisation, the amino acids were extracted into solvent and 2 µl injected in...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Plasma sarcosine does not distinguish early and advanced stages of prostate cancer

et al. 2012

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“…In another hand, reported prostate cancer cases from Africa shared a common elevated PSA level [10,19,24]. Niang [11] in Senegal and Heyns [24] in South Africa reported a mean PSA value of 1447.5 ng/mL and 766.1 ng/mL respectively. Except the possible race-specific PSA this could be relevant to late presentation of PCa and the absence of appropriate approaches to screening in Africa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite those suggestive data, the race-specific PSA is controversial and more detailed studies are needed to elucidate if this is a result of genetic predisposition or timing in the diagnosis of PCa [21][22][23]. In another hand, reported prostate cancer cases from Africa shared a common elevated PSA level [10,19,24]. Niang [11] in Senegal and Heyns [24] in South Africa reported a mean PSA value of 1447.5 ng/mL and 766.1 ng/mL respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate Cancer Disease Characteristics at the Time of Diagnosis and Initial Treatment Offered in a Tertiary Hospital at Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Kaboré¹,

Zango²,

Kambou³

et al. 2014

OJU

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Objectives: to describe the characteristics of newly diagnosed prostate cancer (PCa) and the initial treatments offered to patients in the most important urological center of Burkina Faso. Methods: We analyzed the data of a cohort of 168 consecutive patients with no prior history of PCa between January 2009 and December 2012. Diagnosis of PCa was based on histological analysis of transrectal prostate biopsies. Patient and disease characteristics and the initial treatment offered were taken in account. Results: The mean age at presentation was 68.59 ± 9.41 years (range 30 to 95 years). There was a 3.6-fold increase in the incidence of PCa through the four years of the study. The mean duration of symptoms prior to presentation was 11.6 ± 10.9 months. The majority of cases (86.9%) were presented as locally advanced or metastatic disease. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was the first therapeutic option for 121 patients (72%) and 73 patients (43.4%) underwent ADT through bilateral orchiectomy. Only 3 patients (1.78%) underwent radical prostatectomy. Conclusion: An increase in the diagnosis of PCa in our country was observed in this study. The diagnosis of prostate cancer was usually tardive in Burkina Faso. Treatment often involves surgical ADT for socioeconomic reasons.

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“…South Africa's population diversity offers an opportunity to study disease patterns among different racial or ethnic groups living in the same geographical area. Heyns, et al [1] discussed the composition of the population consisting of white immigrants from Europe, Blacks originally from central Africa, and Coloureds, which refers to the group descended predominantly from indigenous Khoi and San inhabitants, with genetic input from subsequent European and Asian immigrants. Earlier studies suggest that prostate cancer was rare among indigenous blacks compared with whites living in Africa [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, prostate cancer has become the most diagnosed cancer in black men across the globe and claims most cancer deaths in South Africa [1] According to Mitchell, McDonald and Hertz (2005), in the USA approximately 177,000 Blacks aged 20 and older were diagnosed with cancer reaching an annual rate of 722 new cases diagnosed per 100,000 Black adults, excluding basal and squamous cell skin cancers and carcinomas in situ [2]. In contrast, the rate among white adults is 665 new cases per 100,000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive cancers among South African Black men: A scoping review protocol

Munatswa¹,

Nduna²,

Nkomo³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Background: The absence of information on reproductive cancer in Black men in South Africa creates a knowledge gap about health outcomes. Consequently, it is necessary to map the existing information in order to formulate research that addresses the knowledge gap. To establish the range, nature and extent of published research on reproductive cancer in Black men in South Africa, an intensive scoping literature search has been designed.

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Prostate cancer among different racial groups in the Western Cape: Presenting features and management

Cited by 45 publications

References 16 publications

Plasma sarcosine does not distinguish early and advanced stages of prostate cancer

Plasma sarcosine does not distinguish early and advanced stages of prostate cancer

Prostate Cancer Disease Characteristics at the Time of Diagnosis and Initial Treatment Offered in a Tertiary Hospital at Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)

Reproductive cancers among South African Black men: A scoping review protocol

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