Prostate Cancer in 2021: Novelties in Prognostic and Therapeutic Biomarker Evaluation

Cimadamore, Alessia; Mazzucchelli, Roberta; López-Beltrán, Antonio; Massari, Francesco; Santoni, Matteo; Scarpelli, Marina; Cheng, Liang; Montironi, Rodolfo

doi:10.3390/cancers13143471

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…These mutations have been implicated in the development of AR resistance arising from AR-targeted therapy [ 124 ]. Figure 3 illustrates the transcription activity of the androgen receptor gene [ 135 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches

et al. 2022

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Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These repeated segments, consisting of variable numbers of polyglycine repeats and polyglutamine, highly influence the androgen receptor transcription activity. The gene transcript consists of eight exons in total: exon 1 codes for the N-terminal domain, exons 2–3 code for the DBD, and exons 4–8 code for the ABD [ 135 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches

et al. 2022

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“…Among the various identified risk factors, the best known include race (African men are at higher risk), genetics (e.g., BRCA1/2 mutations), and obesity [172]. Recently, Cimadamore et al, summarized the main novelties in prognostic and therapeutic markers in PC [173]. The authors evidenced that on the basis of the prognostic and therapeutic tissue markers in PC patients, two groups are considered [173].…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Cimadamore et al, summarized the main novelties in prognostic and therapeutic markers in PC [173]. The authors evidenced that on the basis of the prognostic and therapeutic tissue markers in PC patients, two groups are considered [173]. The first group, including two subgroups-one involving only the morphological evaluation (i.e., PC degree), and the other involving both morphological and immunohistochemical evaluations (i.e., PC aggressive, AVPC)-is related to prognostic markers based on morphological and immunohistochemical evaluations.…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first group, including two subgroups-one involving only the morphological evaluation (i.e., PC degree), and the other involving both morphological and immunohistochemical evaluations (i.e., PC aggressive, AVPC)-is related to prognostic markers based on morphological and immunohistochemical evaluations. The other large group is based on molecular markers (i.e., DNA somatic mutations) that predict severe disease or a response to therapy [173]. The therapeutic strategies for PC treatment are rapidly evolving [174].…”

Section: Prostate Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estrogen Receptors-Mediated Apoptosis in Hormone-Dependent Cancers

Chimento

Luca

Avena

et al. 2022

IJMS

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It is known that estrogen stimulates growth and inhibits apoptosis through estrogen receptor(ER)-mediated mechanisms in many cancer cell types. Interestingly, there is strong evidence that estrogens can also induce apoptosis, activating different ER isoforms in cancer cells. It has been observed that E2/ERα complex activates multiple pathways involved in both cell cycle progression and apoptotic cascade prevention, while E2/ERβ complex in many cases directs the cells to apoptosis. However, the exact mechanism of estrogen-induced tumor regression is not completely known. Nevertheless, ERs expression levels of specific splice variants and their cellular localization differentially affect outcome of estrogen-dependent tumors. The goal of this review is to provide a general overview of current knowledge on ERs-mediated apoptosis that occurs in main hormone dependent-cancers. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of ER-mediated cell death will be useful for the development of specific ligands capable of triggering apoptosis to counteract estrogen-dependent tumor growth.

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