Prostate cancer prevention

Abstract

Prostate cancer is the most common male malignancy and the second or third leading cause of cancer death among men in the West. The descriptive epidemiology of prostate cancer suggests that it is a preventable disease. Prevention has the theoretical advantage of not only saving lives, but also reduce the morbidity of radical prostate cancer therapy. This article reviews the past, present, and future of prostate cancer prevention. In particular, the evidence and scientific data of a variety of prevention strategies are reviewed. Strategies reviewed include dietary fat reduction and supplementation with vitamins D and E, and selenium.Dietary intake of soy, green tea, and tomato-rich products (lycopene) are also KEYWORDS: prostate cancer, prevention, antioxidants, selenium, lycopene, soy, vitamins. Prostate Cancer DemographicsProstate cancer is the most common human visceral malignancy and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths among men in the Westernized world.1 In many ways, prostate cancer is a natural part of the male aging process in that development of microscopic amounts of cancer is ubiquitous. Autopsy studies show that men in the fourth decade of life have a one-third risk of harboring small carcinomas.2 By age 60, this number reaches approximately 60%. Studies suggest that the chance of having occult cancers at autopsy is similar across the globe, despite wide variations in death rates.3 The lifetime risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer now approaches 1 in 7 and may hit 25% over the next decade in North America. 4 Death rates from prostate cancer vary across the globe, with Westernized nations having the highest risk of incidence and death and Asian nations having the lowest. 5 The overall chance of death from prostate cancer, even among Westernized nations that have not historically treated the disease for cure, is 3.5% to 4%. 6 Given the large discordance between histologic incidence and death, there is great potential for overdetection and overtreatment. This is even more relevant as treatment-related morbidities associated with prostate cancer treatment can impact Neil Fleshner owns shares in Bioadvantex Pharma.

Bioavailability of Phytochemical Constituents From a Novel Soy Fortified Lycopene Rich Tomato Juice Developed for Targeted Cancer Prevention Trials

“…In some (42,43), but not all studies (32,44), these results were attributable to lower lycopene intake. This indicates that the juice provided consistently elevated and relatively high plasma lycopene concentration such as those reported to be correlated with reduced risk of certain cancers (4,5). …”

“…Among the plant food items that have received increased attention are tomatoes and their products, as their consumption has been associated with a number of health benefits, such as decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases (1,2) and prostate and other cancers (3–5). Among the possible bioactive agents responsible for these observations is lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in tomatoes.…”

3,3′-Diindolylmethane Induction of p75NTR-Dependent Cell Death via the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Prostate Cancer Cells

“…The rationale implementation of chemoprevention strategies includes a mechanistic understanding of carcinogenesis at the molecular level that can identify specific targets against which agents can exert modulatory activity. Strategies for chemoprevention of prostate cancer currently include examination of the effects of endocrine agents, vitamins in combination with micronutrients, and dietary products such as soy, green tea, and lycopene among many others (22,23). Significantly, a diet rich in fat has been linked to increased risk of prostate cancer (24).…”

“…Significantly, a diet rich in fat has been linked to increased risk of prostate cancer (24). Mechanisms by which fat may increase the risk of prostate cancer include uptake of fat soluble pesticides, changes in androgen levels, altered role of fatty acids such as linolenic acid, and the role of fat as a pro-oxidant during oxidative stress (23). As a corollary, a high-fat diet may be conversely associated with a lower intake of fruits and vegetables.…”

Discovery, design, and synthesis of anti-metastatic lead phenylmethylene hydantoins inspired by marine natural products

“…1 Later stages of prostate cancer progress to lifethreatening, androgen-independent and fatal metastatic forms. 2 Patient progression at metastatic stage of disease is very poor, and currently few options are available for the treatment at this stage. 1,2 Therefore, morbidity and mortality can be remarkably reduced by attenuation of metastasis.…”