Prostatic Neoplasia in the Intact and Castrated Dog: How Dangerous is Castration?

Schrank, Magdalena; Romagnoli, Stefano

doi:10.3390/ani10010085

Cited by 23 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Prostatic enlargement is a non-specific abnormality which may be caused by a variety of inflammatory, non-neoplastic and neoplastic diseases ( 9 , 17 , 18 ). Considering that only a small percentage of dogs with a non-malignant disorder are castrated ( 19 ), while neutering status might represent a risk factor for prostate cancer ( 9 , 19 , 20 ), prostatic enlargement in castrated dogs should be regarded as suspicious for malignancy and therefore evaluated carefully ( 18 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra- and Inter-observer Variability of Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Prostate Gland in Neutered Dogs

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-observer variability of computed tomographic measurements of linear prostate dimensions in neutered dogs without signs of prostatic disease, to determine potential associations between prostatic parameters and body weight or age and to provide reference ranges. Length, width and height of the prostate gland were measured in 62 neutered dogs with no signs of prostatic disease by three observers with different levels of training. Statistically significant positive associations were found between all prostatic parameters and body weight and between all prostatic parameters and age at castration, but not with age. Formulae allowing the calculation of the expected values for prostatic parameters based on body weight are provided [length = 15.3 + body weight (BW) × 0.3; height = 9.7 + BW × 0.16; width = 9.5 + BW × 0.2]. These may represent a useful tool for computed tomographic evaluation of the size of the prostate in neutered dogs. Subjective evaluations of the morphological appearance of the prostate gland are also provided.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra- and Inter-observer Variability of Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Prostate Gland in Neutered Dogs

et al. 2021

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“…If a diagnosis was listed in the record as "suspected, " the case was excluded from the analysis for that specific disease. Prostate cancer in males, sometimes considered as comparable to mammary cancer, was not tracked because of the low incidence-−0.35% (14). If the cancer did occur more frequently, it would have been interesting to follow because the cancer tends to increase in incidence with neutering (14).…”

Section: Study Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for Mixed Breed Dogs of Five Weight Categories: Associated Joint Disorders and Cancers

Hart

Thigpen

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The early neutering of male and female dogs and its relationship to an increased risk of joint disorders and some cancers has recently become a concern, raising questions about the standard practice in the U.S. and much of Europe of neutering by 6 months of age. A noteworthy recent finding from this center is that there are major breed differences with small-dog breeds generally showing little vulnerability to neutering compared with breeds of larger body size. These findings on purebreds raise questions for dog owners and veterinarians about mixed-breed dogs. The purpose of this study was to examine a sample of mixed breed dogs of five weight categories using the same veterinary hospital database and diagnostic criteria for joint disorders and cancers as used in the newly published paper on 35 breeds and previous papers on the Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, and German Shepherd Dog. The weight categories were <10 kg (739 cases), 10-19 kg (546 cases), 20-29 kg (992 cases), 30-39 kg (604 cases), and over 40 kg (258 cases). Males and females were analyzed separately, as were various ages at neutering. The joint disorders examined were hip dysplasia, cranial cruciate ligament tear or rupture, and elbow dysplasia. The cancers were lymphoma, mast cell tumor, hemangiosarcoma, and osteosarcoma. There was no significant increased occurrence of one or more cancers, compared with intact dogs, in any weight category. However, in the three categories of dogs weighing 20 kg or more, neutering before 1 year generally was significantly associated with risks of one or more joint disorders above that of dogs left intact, commonly to 3 times the level of intact dogs, with sex differences in the degrees of joint disorders associated with neutering. For the dogs in the two weight categories <20 kg, no increased risks were found for joint disorders. This information can be useful to dog caregivers in deciding on the age at which to neuter specific dogs, and for veterinarians offering guidance to pet owners.

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“…In the last two decades, several studies have shown a statistically significant increased risk of diagnosis of various neoplastic diseases in neutered males and females compared to intact dogs, which has sparked an international debate on whether elective neutering is still a tool that should be routinely performed [ 9 , 10 ]. However, a definitive explanation of how the absence of gonadal hormones may influence the development of neoplasia in reproductive or nonreproductive tissues is still pending [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Prostate Gland in Neutered Dogs

Spada

Vignoli

Carluccio

et al. 2021

Animals

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Prostatic neoplasia (PN) occurs in 5–7% of dogs with prostatic disease, with castrated dogs having the same or higher prevalence when compared to intact dogs. Considering the promising results achieved by performing contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in intact dogs to detect PN, the present study aimed to acquire data on the prostatic perfusion pattern in neutered dogs. CEUS was performed in 64 neutered dogs, using a 5–7.5 MHz linear transducer with coded harmonic capability, dedicated analytical software, and a second-generation contrast agent, SonoVue. After B-mode evaluation was performed to assess mean prostate volume, the CEUS examination was undertaken. The flow of contrast agent was visible 10 s after injection. The subcapsular vessels were highlighted and produced rapid peripheral rim enhancement. Subsequently, the contrast agent reached the prostatic urethra via the parenchymal arterioles and gradually reached the entire prostate. Perfusion peak intensity (PPI) and time to peak (TTP) values were respectively 45.3% and 34.1 s. The measured parameters were compared with those obtained in previous studies on intact dogs with normal and with pathological patterns. In this study, CEUS showed features that may be promising for its use as a diagnostic tool for early detection of PN in neutered dogs.

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Prostatic Neoplasia in the Intact and Castrated Dog: How Dangerous is Castration?

Cited by 23 publications

References 75 publications

Intra- and Inter-observer Variability of Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Prostate Gland in Neutered Dogs

Intra- and Inter-observer Variability of Computed Tomographic Measurements of the Prostate Gland in Neutered Dogs

Assisting Decision-Making on Age of Neutering for Mixed Breed Dogs of Five Weight Categories: Associated Joint Disorders and Cancers

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Prostate Gland in Neutered Dogs

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