Prosthetics of heart valves: current trends

Abstract

Nowadays, cardiac surgery is highly safe in terms of protecting internal organs from ischemia and cardioplegia. This allows for radical interventions even in weakened patients with risk factors for perioperative mortality. At the same time, classical heart valve replacement operations are suboptimal and invalidate the patient. The purpose of the study is a critical analysis of the current state of the problem of prosthetics of heart valves, evaluation of alternative methods of prosthetics. To replace the atrioventricular valve, the most suitable bioprosthesis may be a human mitral allograft, which allows you to fully replace the complex structures of the AV valve due to the identity of the anatomy, can work cooperatively with all functional structures of the left ventricle, has the potential to repopulate the patient’s tissues, sufficient strength and a relatively simple and permanent anatomy (compared with tricuspid allograft), while it is safe in terms of rejection. Currently, there is a large set of alternative options for prosthetics of heart valves. Many of them are characterized by greater physiology, anatomicity, and safety in terms of prosthesis-dependent complications compared to classic skeleton prostheses.