Protease Inhibitors In Plants: Genes For Improving Defenses Against Insects And Pathogens

Ca, Ryan

doi:10.1146/annurev.phyto.28.1.425

Cited by 40 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Recently, TLR4 activation by wheat α-amylase trypsin inhibitors, a recognized plant-derived allergen (36), has been described to drive intestinal inflammation (37). The percentage of α-amylase trypsin inhibitors is markedly higher in genetically modified grain seeds that are more resistant to infection than traditional seeds (38–40), which might explain why a wheat-free diet could be beneficial in a wide range of inflammatory and allergic disorders. Similarly, the house dust mite allergen Der p 2 as well as the major cat allergen Fel d 1 enhance signaling through TLR2 and TLR4 (41).…”

Section: Regulation Of Intestinal Immunity and Tolerance By Tlrs Exprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Intestinal Immune Responses through TLR Activation: Implications for Pro- and Prebiotics

et al. 2014

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The intestinal mucosa is constantly facing a high load of antigens including bacterial antigens derived from the microbiota and food. Despite this, the immune cells present in the gastrointestinal tract do not initiate a pro-inflammatory immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors expressed by various cells in the gastrointestinal tract, including intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and resident immune cells in the lamina propria. Many diseases, including chronic intestinal inflammation (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), allergic gastroenteritis (e.g., eosinophilic gastroenteritis and allergic IBS), and infections are nowadays associated with a deregulated microbiota. The microbiota may directly interact with TLR. In addition, differences in intestinal TLR expression in health and disease may suggest that TLRs play an essential role in disease pathogenesis and may be novel targets for therapy. TLR signaling in the gut is involved in either maintaining intestinal homeostasis or the induction of an inflammatory response. This mini review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the contribution of intestinal epithelial TLR signaling in both tolerance induction or promoting intestinal inflammation, with a focus on food allergy. We will also highlight a potential role of the microbiota in regulating gut immune responses, especially through TLR activation.

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Section: Regulation Of Intestinal Immunity and Tolerance By Tlrs Exprmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Intestinal Immune Responses through TLR Activation: Implications for Pro- and Prebiotics

et al. 2014

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Structural diversity and organization of three gene families for Kunitz-type enzyme inhibitors from potato tubers ( Solanum tuberosum L.)

Heibges¹,

Glaczinski²,

Ballvora³

et al. 2003

Mol Gen Genomics

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In the potato, Kunitz-type enzyme inhibitors are abundant and highly polymorphic small proteins found in tubers. DNA sequence analysis of 1596 unselected ESTs (expressed sequence tags) from mature tubers of the cultivars Provita and Saturna resulted in the identification of 55 different DNA sequences with high sequence similarity to Kunitz-type enzyme inhibitors. The frequency of Kunitz-type inhibitor ESTs in Provita was four times higher than in Saturna tubers, and none of the Provita ESTs was identical to any of the Saturna ESTs. A phenogram constructed from the deduced amino acid sequences of the inhibitors revealed three major homology groups-A, B and C. Group A inhibitors were all derived from Provita ESTs. Inhibitor groups A and B were more similar to each other than to group C inhibitors, and for most members within-group similarity was at least 90%. Non-conservative amino acid substitutions and insertion/deletion polymorphisms suggest functional differentiation between members of the gene family. A minimum of 21 genes for Kunitz-type enzyme inhibitors (six for group A, nine for group B and six for group C) was estimated to exist in the potato genome. Genetic mapping and the identification of BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) clones containing more than one member of the gene family indicated that most inhibitor genes of groups A, B and C are organized in a cluster that maps to a single region on potato chromosome III.

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Phage display selection can differentiate insecticidal activity of soybean cystatins

et al. 1998

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SummaryPlant cysteine proteinase inhibitors (phytocystatins) have been implicated as defensive molecules against Coleopteran and Hemipteran insect pests. Two soybean cystatins, soyacystatin N (scN) and soyacystatin L (scL), have 70% sequence identity but scN is a much more potent inhibitor of papain, vicilin peptidohydrolase and insect gut proteinases. When these cystatins were displayed on phage particles, papain-binding affinity and CPI activity of scN were substantially greater than those of scL, in direct correlation with their relative CPI activity as soluble recombinant proteins. Furthermore, scN substantially delayed cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)) growth and development in insect feeding bioassays, whereas scL was essentially inactive as an insecticide. Papain biopanning selection of phage-displayed soyacystatins resulted in a 200-1000-fold greater enrichment for scN relative to scL. These results establish that binding affinity of cystatins can be used in phage display biopanning procedures to select variants with greater insecticidal activity, illustrating the potential of phage display and biopanning selection for directed molecular evolution of biological activity of these plant defensive proteins.

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Protease Inhibitors In Plants: Genes For Improving Defenses Against Insects And Pathogens

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Regulation of Intestinal Immune Responses through TLR Activation: Implications for Pro- and Prebiotics

Regulation of Intestinal Immune Responses through TLR Activation: Implications for Pro- and Prebiotics

Structural diversity and organization of three gene families for Kunitz-type enzyme inhibitors from potato tubers ( Solanum tuberosum L.)

Phage display selection can differentiate insecticidal activity of soybean cystatins

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