Protease inhibitors, inflammatory markers, and their association with outcome in dogs with naturally occurring acute pancreatitis

Abstract

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) presumably is associated with pancreatic protease activation, protease inhibitor (PI) depletion, and inflammatory mediator secretion. Objectives: Examine PIs and inflammatory mediator concentrations in dogs with AP and their association with death. Animals: Thirty-one dogs diagnosed with AP based on clinical signs, ultrasonographic findings, and increased canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) and 51 healthy control dogs. Methods: Antithrombin and α 2-antiplasmin activity (ATA and α 2 AP, respectively) and concentrations of α 1-proteinase inhibitor (α 1 PI), α 2-macroglobulin (α 2 MG), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins (ILs)-2,6,8 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were prospectively measured. Severity of AP was assessed by clinical severity scoring systems. Results: Mortality rate was 19%. Antithrombin activity was lower (P = .004) and maximal CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α concentrations higher (P < .04) in the AP group compared to the controls, whereas IL-2, IL-8, α 1 PI, and α 2 AP concentrations did not differ between groups. Serum α 2 MG concentration was not reliably detected. Serum cPLI, CRP, and IL-6 concentrations were significantly and positively correlated. The ATA was lower (P = .04), and canine acute pancreatitis severity (CAPS) scores higher

Advances in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis in dogs

“…19 Serum concentrations of acute phase reactants, such as C‐reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) also may be increased. 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 …”

Effects of medical history and clinical factors on serum lipase activity and ultrasonographic evidence of pancreatitis: Analysis of 234 dogs

“…Therefore, pancreatitis is mostly a clinical diagnosis based on 3 cornerstones, namely clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities, and ultrasonography (US). Determination of serum lipase, either as a concentration (pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity [PLI]) or an activity (1,2‐o‐dilauryl‐rac‐glycero‐3‐glutaric acid‐(6′‐methylresorufin) ester [DGGR]‐based lipase assays), has largely replaced histopathology as a surrogate gold standard for the diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs 5‐11 . Both tests have been shown to correlate strongly 7,8,10,12‐15 .…”

Changes in Acute-Phase Proteins in Plasma during the Periparturient Period of Dairy Goats

“…CRP can recognize damaged cells as well as their products, and it can repair the nidus via activating complement. CRP is one of the most rapid reacting APPs, it is induced primarily by IL-1, and the plasma's CRP concentration increases within 4 h after stimulation [16,17]. Lee WC et al reported that CRP can evaluate the general health status of a herd [18].…”