Protected areas, conservation and tourism – financing the sustainable dream

Whitelaw, Paul; King, Brian; Tolkach, Denis

doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.873445

Cited by 160 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…Different agendas (tourism development and protection of natural resources) and lack of cooperation between the two bodies seem to cause both the local community and the environment to suffer. It might be due to the complex relationship between tourism development with its focus on economic benefits, and protected area with its emphasis on conservation (Whitelaw et al, 2014;Wilson et al, 2009). Poor communication between protected area authorities and the tourism industry can cause the problem (Sharpley & Pearce, 2007).…”

Section: Both Governmental Bodies (Department Of Environment and The mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There have been claims by biologists that sometimes when priority is given to local people, wildlife suffers from impacts of development programs (Hackel, 1999;Sekhar, 2003;Terborgh & Schaik, 1997). It is also argued that the relationship between protected areas and tourism is very complicated as tourism focuses on economic development and protected area management focuses on conservation (Whitelaw et al, 2014;Wilson, Nielsen, & Buultjens, 2009). …”

Section: Local Community and Protected Area Challenges And Opportunimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Protected areas are becoming increasingly important tourism destinations with the growth of nature-based tourism all around the world (Dharmaratne, Yee Sang, & Walling, 2000;Whitelaw, King, & Tolkach, 2014). A variety of instruments (Table 2.2) can be used to influence stakeholders' decisions and behaviours in protected areas (Borrini-Feyerabend et al, 2013).…”

Section: Borrinimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental protection and local resident attitudes at early stages of tourism development

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In many developing countries, there are protected areas with very strong natural resources and tourism development potential but in a poor conservation condition. Many of these areas are at pre or early stages of tourism development. These protected areas face problems including shortages of financial resources and park staff, and difficulty in enforcing conservation laws. Strict conservation laws have limited local residents' access to the natural resources and created problems such as increased poaching, habitat destruction and local people-park conflicts. This study adopts a case study approach, choosing two villages in rural Iran that are located near protected areas, one with no tourism and one at the early stage of tourism. Both these villages are experiencing challenges in striving for environmental protection and community development in a remote area of the country.There is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of local resident attitudes and local people-park relationship roles in achieving both conservation goals and sustainable tourism development in and around protected areas. It is also suggested that incentives from tourism have a pivotal role in positively affecting local resident attitudes to the environment and consequently their behaviour.However, a challenge in the tourism literature is that most of the studies on local resident attitudes to the environment were conducted at a certain stage of development and their results cannot be applied to other stages. Although the literature indicates that tourism revenues improve local resident attitudes towards the environment and conservation, with no study comparing attitudes before and after tourism development, it is unclear whether these positive attitudes are due to tourism benefits or whether the local resident attitudes were positive even before tourism development.It is also widely discussed and hypothesised in the tourism literature that people with positive environmental attitudes are more likely to support environmental conservation activities.Local resident attitudes towards conservation have generally been studied as a single variable in the tourism literature. Importantly the environmental literature suggests that local resident attitudes towards environmental conservation and their attitudes towards protected area management might be different and a distinction has been made in studying these attitudes as separate variables.Consequently, this study aims to investigate the differences between local resident attitudes towards the environment, protected area management (PAM) and tourism at two early stages of tourism development by comparing attitudes in a community that has no prior experience of tourism and a community at an early stage of tourism development. This involved developing six ii hypotheses to assess the association between the three variables within and across a non-tourism setting and a setting with some tourism development in the two case study villages.A survey instrument was designed to mea...

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Section: Both Governmental Bodies (Department Of Environment and The mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Local Community and Protected Area Challenges And Opportunimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Borrinimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental protection and local resident attitudes at early stages of tourism development

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“…Although more recent paradigms for protected area management have advocated integrative approaches to conservation and development (Becken & Job, 2014;Dearden et al, 2005;Plummer & Fennell, 2009), governance models that can best support both protected area governance and sustainable tourism development are limited (Eagles, 2009;Whitelaw et al, 2014). In fact, it is argued that tourism governance more broadly requires further investigation in practice (Eagles et al, 2013;Lai et al, 2016;Plummer et al, 2012;Plummer & Fennell, 2009;Ruhanen et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tourism can generate a number of benefits for protected areas including, among others; providing new sources for funding conservation initiatives (Mayer, Müller, Woltering, Arnegger, & Job, 2010;Whitelaw, King, & Tolkach, 2014), and, improving planning and management approaches which has been credited with slowing biodiversity loss (Brenner & Job, 2012). While there are positives, the relationship between tourism and protected areas is certainly complex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%