Protecting fire fighters exposed in room fires: Comparison of results of bench scale test for thermal protection and conditions during room flashover

Krasny, John F.; Rockett, John A.; Huang, Dingyi

doi:10.1007/bf01039637

Cited by 35 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Figure 4). Firefighter PPE and thermal exposures [15,16] have described pre-flashover fire fighting environments with maximum heat fluxes between 5 kW/m 2 and 12 kW/m 2 . It was decided that laboratory experiments would be conducted at heat fluxes up to the lower end of the maximum range to ensure that the data collected from the helmet mounted HFM can be generalized to other similar training scenarios.…”

Section: Laboratory Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies [15,16] concerning firefighter PPE and thermal exposures in a fire environment have described pre-flashover fire fighting environments with temperatures ranging from 100°C (212°F) to 300°C (572°F) and maximum heat fluxes between 5 kW/m 2 and 12 kW/m 2 . However, these studies did not specifically focus on the firefighter's local environment in live-fire training scenarios, and the studied environments often contained fuel loads that were different than the wood-based products and straw often used in NFPA 1403 compliant training exercises.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

2016

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Abstract. Detailed characterization of a firefighter's typical thermal exposures during live-fire training and responses can provide important insights into the risks faced and the necessary protections, protocols, and standards required. In order to gather data on representative thermal conditions from a firefighter's continually varying local environment in a live-fire training exercise, a portable heat flux and gas temperature measurement system was created, calibrated, and integrated into firefighter personal protective equipment (PPE). Data were collected from 25 live-fire training exposures during seven different types of scenarios. Based on the collected data, mild training environments generally exposed firefighters to temperatures around 50°C and heat fluxes around 1 kW/m 2 , while severe training conditions generally resulted in temperatures between 150°C and 200°C with heat fluxes between 3 kW/m 2 and 6 kW/m 2 . For every scenario investigated, the heat flux data portrayed a more severe environment than the temperature data when interpreted using established thermal classes developed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology for electronic equipment used by first responders. Local temperatures from the portable measurement system were compared with temperatures measured by stationary thermocouples installed in the training structure for 14 different exposures. It was determined the stationary temperatures represented only a rough approximate bound of the actual temperature of the immediate training environment due to the typically coarse distribution of these sensors throughout the structure and their relative (fixed) distance from the fire sets. The portable thermal measurement system has provided new insights into the integration of electronic sensors with firefighter PPE and the conditions experienced by firefighters in live-fire training scenarios, which has promise to improve the safety and health of the fire service.

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Section: Laboratory Calibrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

2016

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“…Research by Montgomery [19] in 1975 indicated that in humid air rapid skin burns would occur at 100 ˚C (212 ˚F), and 150 ˚C (300 ˚F) was the exposure temperature at which escape was not likely. In 1947 Moritz [19] experimented on large animals and found that 100 ˚C (212 ˚F) represented the threshold for local burning and hyperemia (general burning).…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1947 Moritz [19] experimented on large animals and found that 100 ˚C (212 ˚F) represented the threshold for local burning and hyperemia (general burning). For this analysis, a temperature value of 100 ˚C (212 ˚F) was considered the temperature at which victims could be incapacitated.…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the ability of fire dynamic simulator to simulate positive pressure ventilation in the laboratory and practical scenarios

Kerber¹

2006

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Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) is a tactic that is used on fire grounds across the world everyday, both to improve tenability after the extinguishment of a fire and/or offensively during fire attack to improve firefighting conditions. PPV has proven that it can be a useful tool on the fire ground, but it can also kill or injure fire fighters and All experiments qualify and quantify the comparison of the experimental results with the FDS results. A concluding scenario is modeled utilizing the calibration of the full-scale experiments to examine the effects of PPV on a fire in a two-story, colonial style house.

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“…The study that generated the heat transfer model followed an earlier effort at NIST that also focused on the protection of firefighters, and it received the 1989, Harry C. Bigglestone Award. This earlier paper by Krasny, Rocket, and Huang was entitled, ''Protecting Fire Fighters Exposed in Room Fires: Comparison of Results of Bench Scale Test for Thermal Protection and Conditions During Room Flashover'' [1]. The paper by Krasny et al, reported on a study that compared Thermal Protective Performance (TPP) test results from the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 1971, Standard for Protective Clothing for Structural Fire Fighting, with test results from a series of large-scale room fire tests, conducted by NIST [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Heat Transfer Model for Firefighters’ Protective Clothing, Continued Developments in Protective Clothing Modeling

2010

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Protecting fire fighters exposed in room fires: Comparison of results of bench scale test for thermal protection and conditions during room flashover

Cited by 35 publications

References 8 publications

Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

Characterizing a Firefighter’s Immediate Thermal Environment in Live-Fire Training Scenarios

Evaluation of the ability of fire dynamic simulator to simulate positive pressure ventilation in the laboratory and practical scenarios

A Heat Transfer Model for Firefighters’ Protective Clothing, Continued Developments in Protective Clothing Modeling

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