Protecting Ripening Corn from Blackbirds by Broadcasting 4-Aminopyridine Baits

Comparative Effectiveness of Avitrol, Exploders, and Hawk-Kites in Reducing Blackbird Damage to Corn

“…This pattern was contrary to expectation if any of the techniques was losing effectiveness because of habituation. In other studies, Avitrol, or 4-aminopyridine, has produced mixed though generally encouraging results (DeGrazio et al 1971(DeGrazio et al , 1972Stickley et al 1972Stickley et al , 1976Dolbeer et al 1976;Woronecki et al 1979). The reasons for the differences among studies are unclear.…”

The Economic Impact of Blackbird Damage to Crops

“…Here, we provide several examples where scientists evaluated the cost and benefits of various blackbird management strategies. DeGrazio et al (1971DeGrazio et al ( , 1972 and Stickley et al (1976) provided overall cost estimates of using a chemical-frightening agent to protect corn. However, Dolbeer (1981) was an early advocate of using a cost-benefit equation to determine when the use of damage-control measures was warranted economically.…”

Potential Secondary Hazards of Avitrol Baits to Sharp-Shinned Hawks and American Kestrels

“…Numerous published references are available which describe the use and results of 1 or more of these products under a variety of conditions (Goodhue and Baumgartner 1965, DeGrazio et al 1972, Stickley et al 1972, Dolbeer et al 1976, Stickley et al 1976, Besser and Guarino 1977, Knittle et al 1977, Mott 1977, Stickley et al 1977, Besser 1978, Woronecki et al 1979. is the registered trade name of a number of proprietary bird control products containing the active ingredient 4-aminopyridine (4-AP).…”