Protecting the spinal cord during thoracic endovascular aortic repair—who should place the spinal drain?

Abstract

A well-placed and functioning lumbar spinal drain, for spinal cord protection, is an important aspect of the perioperative care of patients undergoing thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) procedures. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating complication of TEVAR procedures and is most often associated with Crawford type 2 repairs. Current evidence-based guidelines for the surgical management of patients with thoracic aortic disease include the role of lumbar spine catheter placement and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) intraoperatively as part of a strategy to prevent spinal cord ischemia. More often than not, the procedure of lumbar spinal drain placement, using a standard blind technique, and subsequent drain management is the responsibility of the anesthesiologist. However, institutional protocols are inconsistent, and, failure to successfully place the lumbar spinal drain pre-operatively in the operating room, in clinical situations such as patients with poor anatomical landmarks or prior back surgery, presents a clinical dilemma and impacts spinal cord protection during TEVAR. Although a relatively safe procedure, potential complications of lumbar spine catheter placement range from a self-limiting headache to hemorrhage and permanent neurological injury. Spinal drain placement with image-guided fluoroscopy by interventional radiology should be considered in the preoperative assessment and planning and is an alternative to conventional, blind lumbar drain insertion.

Systematic review of the effect of cerebrospinal fluid drainage on outcomes after endovascular type B aortic dissection repair

“…SCI protection protocols often benefit from a multimodal approach in preventing spinal cord injury, including staging with temporary aneurysm sac perfusion (TASP), permissive hypertension, and CSFD (prophylactic or emergency) [ 32 , 33 ]. Additionally, other pre-operative staging techniques such as minimally invasive segmental artery coil embolization (MISACE) may be related to improved spinal cord collateralization leading to reduced SCI rates [ 34 ].…”