Protection against oral and gastrointestinal diseases: Importance of dietary nitrate intake, oral nitrate reduction and enterosalivary nitrate circulation

Duncan, Callum W.; Liang, Hong; Dykhuizen, R S; Frazer, R; Johnston, Peter; MacKnight, Gillian; Smith, Lorna; Lamza, Kathryn A.; McKenzie, Hamish; Batt, Les; Kelly, Denise; Golden, Michael; Benjamin, Nigel; Leifert, Carlo

doi:10.1016/s0300-9629(97)00023-6

Cited by 141 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The association between endogenous production of nitric oxide radical, as mediated by macrophages, involved in the infectious and inflammatory response has been a topic of interest and toxicologic research for more than 10 years (43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48). Debate remains concerning the significance and amount of this endogenous nitric oxide production in terms of the organism's overall oxidative stress (49,50).…”

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confidence: 99%

A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

Zeman

Kross

Vlad

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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In this nested case-control study, we investigated the risk factors for methemoglobinemia (MHG) in 71 children in the Transylvania region of Romania. This study was unique in that the exposures for cases and controls were calculated as continuous values and were reported in milligrams per kilogram per day of nitrate/nitrite based on careful dietary reconstruction and environmental sampling. This procedure allowed us to compare point estimates of nitrate/nitrite exposure with other continuous, categoric, and ranked risk factors such as the presence or absence of diarrheal disease, reported severity of diarrheal disease, the use of vitamin supplements, the presence, absence, and/or duration of breast-feeding, and whether or not first-generation relatives experienced MHG. Analysis of these factors and exposure levels using both univariate and multivariate whole-model tests was performed to understand the relative significance of risk factors at varying levels of exposure to the development of MHG. Univariate and multifactorial analysis of risk factors for MHG underscored that, for this population, MHG is most strongly associated with nitrate/nitrite exposure through the dietary route (p = 0.0318), via feeding of formula and tea made with water containing high levels of nitrates, and that breast-feeding protects infants younger than 6 months of age (p = 0.0244). Our findings also raise questions about the role of diarrheal disease in the development of MHG, as likelihood ratios (likelihood 4.323, p = 0.0376) and multifactorial analysis indicated a significant role for diarrheal disease for some individuals.

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confidence: 99%

A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

Zeman

Kross

Vlad

2002

Environ Health Perspect

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“…In general it has been found that there is either no relationship or an inverse relationship, such that a high nitrate intake is associated with a lower rate of cancer (58)(59)(60). Recently, studies have been performed suggesting that not only is nitrate harmless but in fact it may even be beneficial (27,28,37,54). Indeed, acidified nitrite may be an important part of gastric host defense against swallowed pathogens.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nitrite in saliva increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness

Björne¹,

Petersson²,

Phillipson³

et al. 2004

J. Clin. Invest.

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Salivary nitrate from dietary or endogenous sources is reduced to nitrite by oral bacteria. In the acidic stomach, nitrite is further reduced to NO and related compounds, which have potential biological activity. We used an in vivo rat model as a bioassay to test effects of human saliva on gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness. Gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness were measured after topical administration of human saliva in HCl. The saliva was collected either after fasting (low in nitrite) or after ingestion of sodium nitrate (high in nitrite). In additional experiments, saliva was exchanged for sodium nitrite at different doses. Mucosal blood flow was increased after luminal application of nitrite-rich saliva, whereas fasting saliva had no effects. Also, mucus thickness increased in response to nitrite-rich saliva. The effects of nitrite-rich saliva were similar to those of topically applied sodium nitrite. Nitrite-mediated effects were associated with generation of NO and S-nitrosothiols. In addition, pretreatment with an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase markedly inhibited nitrite-mediated effects on blood flow. We conclude that nitrite-containing human saliva given luminally increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness in the rat. These effects are likely mediated through nonenzymatic generation of NO via activation of guanylyl cyclase. This supports a gastroprotective role of salivary nitrate/nitrite.

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“…For examples, CF could be employed in medical nutrition therapies for maintenance of gastrointestinal health (Hu et al 2008), prevention of hyperlipidemia (Dreher 2001) and colon cancer (Gallaher 2000), and regulation of calcium bioavailability (Tungland and Meyer 2002) and immunological system (Nimbe et al 2009), etc. These applications were in basis of its binding capacity to bile acids (Kritchevsky 1995), cholesterols (Bartsch et al 1990), steroid hormones (Babio et al 2010), mineral elements (Nair et al 1987), pesticide residues (Hu et al 2010) and nitrites (Cammack et al 1999;Duncan et al 1997), etc. Especially the adsorption to nitrites could decrease the risk of cancer for that nitrites could react with amines and amides, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymo-chemical preparation, physico-chemical characterization and hypolipidemic activity of granular corn bran dietary fibre

et al. 2013

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Corn bran dietary fibre (CF) was paid more attention for its anticancer and hypolipidemic activities. In this paper, corn bran was firstly decomposed to the threadlike fibre (CF 1 ) by multiple enzymes and then further modified to the granular fibre (CF 2 ) by alkali under high pressure and high temperature (APT). The two types of fibres were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and near-infrared spectrophotometer (IR), and investigated by hydration measurements and nitrite adsorption assays. The results showed that CF 2 had more much specific surface area, and displayed 4.7, 6.3 and 30-fold increases in water retention (WR), swelling capacity (SC) and nitrite absorption (NA), compared with CF 1 , respectively. The rat feeding trials showed that the granular fibre could decrease total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDLC) by 41.4 %, 20.7 % and 56.5 %, respectively. These excellent physiological activities indicate that CF 2 will be a potentially available dietary ingredient in functional food industries, and meanwile imply that the enzymochemical method is a desired strategy for CF processing.

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Protection against oral and gastrointestinal diseases: Importance of dietary nitrate intake, oral nitrate reduction and enterosalivary nitrate circulation

Cited by 141 publications

References 70 publications

A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

A nested case-control study of methemoglobinemia risk factors in children of Transylvania, Romania.

Nitrite in saliva increases gastric mucosal blood flow and mucus thickness

Enzymo-chemical preparation, physico-chemical characterization and hypolipidemic activity of granular corn bran dietary fibre

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